INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE

DEFINITIONS OF ARCHITECTURE
In general :

•Architecture is the art and science that deals with

designing of buildings and supervision and
coordination of all aspects of the building in keeping
with functional and aesthetic criteria
•Architecture is a social responsibility beyond the
client
•Architecture is the science and art of space
allocation. It is also as a subject with science and
art that deals with the quantity and quality of space
created within and without the building. Also as
science and art course that deals with the enclosure
of space to serve
• the style in which a building is designed
and constructed, especially with regard to
a specific period, place, or culture
• where architecture means the offering or
rendering of professional services in
connection with the design and
construction of buildings, or built
environments.
• My definition :
Architecture is a science which reflects
the habitation of human culture in terms of
design
• In relation to buildings, architecture has to do with
the planning, designing and constructing form,
space and ambience that reflect functional,
technical, social, environmental, and aesthetic
considerations. It requires the creative
manipulation and coordination of material,
technology, light and shadow. Architecture also
encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing
buildings and structures, including scheduling,
cost estimating and construction administration. As
documentation produced by architects, typically
drawings, plans and technical specifications,
architecture defines the structure and/or behavior
of a building or any other kind of system that is to
be or has been constructed.
Different theme of architecture :
• Modern architecture
• Origins and vernacular architecture
• Ancient architecture
• Islamic architecture
• Renaissance architecture
• Organic architecture
• Contemporary architecture
• Contemporary architecture
• Postmodernism architecture………..
Contemporary architecture
Since the 1980s, as the complexity
of buildings began to increase (in
terms of structural systems,
services, energy and
technologies), the field of
architecture became multi-
disciplinary with specializations for
each project type, technological
expertise or project delivery
methods

NOTE:
In addition, there has been an
increased separation of the
'design' architect from the 'project'
architect who ensures that the
project meets the required
standards and deals with matters
of liability
Islamic architecture

The Taj Mahal (1632–1653), in India

 Japanese architecture

Kinkaku-ji (Golden Pavilion), Kyoto,

Japan
Ancient architecture

The Pyramids at Giza in Egypt

Origins and vernacular
architecture

Vernacular architecture in Norway

Modern architecture

Sydney Opera House, Australia designed

by Jørn Utzon
 “Context for architecture as
satisfying human need”
• Now how architecture can applied as
background in satisfying human need in
design.
• Only by delivering a design which incorporate
all the need of the designed space to satisfy
human who is going to use the designed
space ,in terms of
• Functional need
• Aesthetic need
• Psychological need
 Functional need

• What is functional ?
• It is the activity that is going to take place
in the designed space
• What is Functionalism ?
• Functionalism, in architecture, is the
principle that architects should design a
building based on the purpose of that
building
• What is the functional aspects of a design in
architecture?
 'convenience
 Comfort
 efficient
 utility‘
Purpose
Activity
Share of the space
Climate
Process sequence
Culture
Style
• Nevertheless 'form follows function'
expresses a significant and enduring idea.
Sullivan's protégé Frank Lloyd Wright is
also cited as an exemplar of functional
design.
• Le Corbusier is functionalists
Fallingwater, Organic architecture
by Frank Lloyd Wright.
URBAN DESIGN
• for urban design strategies based on
human proportions and in support of
four functions of human settlement:
• HOUSING,
• WORK,
• PLAY, AND
• TRANSPORT.
Aesthetics
• Aesthetics (also spelled æsthetics) is a
branch of philosophy dealing with the nature
of beauty, art, and taste, with the creation and
appreciation of beauty.
• It is more scientifically defined as the study
of sensory or sensori-emotional values,
sometimes called judgments of sentiment
and taste.
• More broadly, scholars in the field define
aesthetics as "critical reflection on art, culture
and nature."
Etymology

• The word aesthetic is derived from the

Greek αἰσθητικός (aisthetikos, meaning
"esthetic, sensitive, sentient"), which in
turn was derived from αἰσθάνομαι
(aisthanomai, meaning "I perceive, feel,
sense").[5] The term "aesthetics" was
appropriated and coined with new
meaning in the German form Æsthetik
(modern spelling Ästhetik) by Alexander
Baumgarten in 1735.
Aesthetics Classifaction

• Ancient aesthetics
• Islamic aesthetics
• Indian aesthetics
• Chinese aesthetics
• African aesthetics
• Western medieval aesthetics
• Modern aesthetics
Concept Of Aesthetic

• the relation between man and nature

• an objective rather than subjective revelation of beauty.

• aesthetics consisted in the description of a whole culture

Psychological aspect
• What is psychological?
• Psychology is an academic and applied
discipline that involves the scientific study
of mental functions and behaviors of
human ultimately aims to benefit society
• Psychologists attempt to understand the
role of mental functions in individual and
social behavior,
Psychologists explore concepts such as
perception,
cognition,
attention,
 emotion,
 phenomenology,
 motivation,
brain functioning,
 personality,
behavior, and interpersonal relationships
• also directed towards understanding and
solving problems in many different spheres of
human activity
Etymology

• The word psychology literally means, "study of the

soul" (ψυχή, psukhē, meaning "breath", "spirit", or
"soul"; and -λογος -logos, translated as "study of"
or "research"[10]).[11] The Latin word psychologia
was first used by the Croatian humanist and
Latinist Marko Marulić in his book, Psichiologia de
ratione animae humanae in the late 15th century
or early 16th century.[12] The earliest known
reference to the word psychology in English was
by Steven Blankaart in 1694 in The Physical
Dictionary which refers to "Anatomy, which treats
of the Body, and Psychology, which treats of the
Soul."[13]
• What is the context of psychological in
architecture?

• It is the study of human behavior with

respect to life style, culture, age, gender.
Etymology

• The word psychology literally means, "study of the

soul" (ψυχή, psukhē, meaning "breath", "spirit", or
"soul"; and -λογος -logos, translated as "study of"
or "research"[10]).[11] The Latin word psychologia
was first used by the Croatian humanist and
Latinist Marko Marulić in his book, Psichiologia de
ratione animae humanae in the late 15th century
or early 16th century.[12] The earliest known
reference to the word psychology in English was
by Steven Blankaart in 1694 in The Physical
Dictionary which refers to "Anatomy, which treats
of the Body, and Psychology, which treats of the
Soul."[13]
 Introducing the various functional
aspects of architecture
• SITE:
 contour : on map the line joining points of
equal height and indicating hill, valleys and
the steepness of slopes
Water bodies :(lake , river , sea,)
Water table : average depth of water
Soil : ( clay , rocky)
Vegetation : ( the grown tree,etc)
Location : near to airport ,harbour,
Climate:
• Structure:
• What kind of structure?
• Why?
• Ref( presentation 1bc unit file )
• Skin
• What is meant by skin in architecture?
• How you treat the elevation is skin in
architecture
• Services:
 plumbing
Electrical
Gas line
Fire safety
Parking
Air condition
Acoustic
Introduction to the factors that lend
meaning to architecture
• Geography
• Geology
• Climate
• Historical
• Social
• cultural
• Cost:
• Technology
• Building Codes
Expression
• Expression in architecture is the
communication of quality and
meaning. The functions and the
techniques of building are
interpreted and transformed by
expression into art, as sounds are
made into music and words into
literature.
• The nature of expression varies with the
character of culture in different places and in
different times, forming distinct modes or
languages of expression that are
called styles. Style communicates the outlook
of a culture and the concepts of its architects.
The boundaries of a style may be national
and geographical (e.g., Japanese, Mayan) or
religious (e.g., Islāmic) and intellectual
(e.g.,Renaissance), embracing distinct
linguistic, racial, and national units, and
different expressions within each of these
boundaries are produced by the particular
style of regions, towns, groups, architects, or
craftsmen.
• The lifespan of styles may be long (ancient
Egyptian, over 3,000 years) or short
(Baroque, less than 200 years) according to
the changeability of cultural patterns. The
principal forces in the creation of a style are
tradition, the experience of earlier
architecture; influence, the contribution of
contemporary expressions outside the
immediate cultural environment; and
innovation, the creative contribution of the
culture and the architect. These forces
operate to produce an evolution within every
style and ultimately to generate new styles
that tend to supplant their predecessors
• The components of expression, which
communicate the particular values of style,
are content and form. Since content can
be communicated only through form, the
two are organically united, but here they
will be discussed separately in order to
distinguish the specific and concrete
meaning (content) from the abstract
expression of qualities (form).
• The components of expression, which
communicate the particular values of style,
are content and form. Since content can
be communicated only through form, the
two are organically united, but here they
will be discussed separately in order to
distinguish the specific and concrete
meaning (content) from the abstract
expression of qualities (form).
 symbol
• The etymology of the word “symbol” is closer to
Cassirer’s use of the
• word symbol. “Symbol” originated in the Greek
language as a construct of two
• words: sym (or “syn”, a prefix meaning “with” or
“together with”) and the root of
• bolos (a throw). Thus, a symbol was a throwing (or
putting) together into one
• piece.
• A symbol is a unified construct. The “particulars”
and the “universal” of a
• First, if the whole is already symbolic, why
would a representation be
• needed to signify it? In other words, why is an
indicator needed to tell you that
• something which is immanently meaningful
has meaning? This is why a
• representation can’t even be indicative of
the whole. Since every particular
• “encompasses the notion of a whole” in a
symbolic construct,
• PERCEPTION: THE CRUCIAL ELEMENT IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SYMBOLIC FORMS OF
• ARCHITECTURE
• The artistic impulse is an impulse of cognition;
artistic activity, an operation of the
power of achieving cognition; the artistic result, a
sequel of cognition. The artist does
nothing else than achieve in his own universe the
work of a logical Gestalt-formation;
herein lies the essence of every cognition.
— Conrad Fiedler
Character and style
• Ref different them (early notes)
 10 Essential Architectural
Movements Of The 20th Century
• Architecture is one of the most visible forms
of art in our day-to-day lives. Many of the
buildings that surround us were designed and
constructed with an aesthetic purpose, and if
they were done right, they immeasurably
enhance the location in which they’re
situated. The 20th century was an interesting
time for architecture as several movements
came and went, reflecting the styles,
sensibilities and priorities of their eras. Here
are 10 essential architectural movements
from that time period.
Art Nouveau

•Art nouveau architecture is

characterized by odd shapes,
an abundance of arches and
curves, and surfaces that
feature curvy floral and plant
designs. The style came to
prominence during the late
19th and early 20th centuries
in European cities,
particularly in Paris, where
the Maison de l’Art Nouveau
gallery operated by Siegfried
Bing displayed the art style.
Arts and Crafts
The arts and crafts movement
coincided with the art nouveau
movement, placing and increased
emphasis on conforming to the
structure’s surroundings while
remaining aesthetically pleasing.
One of the pioneers of the
movement, William Morris, sought
to depart from the overused
Victorian architecture and bring
forth a style based on the
handicrafts movement. Houses
during the era contained a more
personable feel, as they were
constructed as bungalows
Art Deco

•Art deco architecture is a combination of

many different preexisting styles, but with
a modern twist. These buildings feature
materials such as stainless steel and
aluminum, and often the sunburst motif,
which can be seen on the Chrysler
Building in New York – one of the most
well-known art deco structures in the
world. It was constructed between the
two World Wars, when the style was at its
peak in popularity.
Futurist
•Unlike other architectural
movements during the early 20th
century, the futurist movement
attempted to ignore past styles
and devote itself to creating
something entirely new. Antonio
Sant’Elia was a major proponent
of futurist architecture, writing
the Manifesto of Futurist
Architecture in 1914, which
states the need to use only new
technology and materials in the
construction of these structures.
During the ’50s,Googie
Architecture notably emerged as
a type of futurism.
Modernist
Modern architecture is simple
and unornamental, differing from
other movements in order to
adapt to social and political
changes. The German school for
design, Bauhaus, is credited with
influencing the modern
movement. Founder Walter
Gropius designed the Bauhaus
building, which serves as an
early example of the style.
Modernist architecture became
most popular after World War II
and continues to be an often
used style in major cities today
International Style
International style is an
offshoot of modernist
architecture, but with a
slightly different approach
stylistically. A book authored
by Philip Johnson and
Henry-Russell Hitchcock
gave birth to the term, laying
out three principles. The
style became common in the
developed world after World
War II, featuring a square
appearance as priority is
given to the efficient use of
space.
Expressionist
•Expressionist architecture is
perhaps the most eye-
catching style popularized
during the 20th century. It’s
characterized by a rejection of
conventionalism for creativity,
which is evident in its odd and
inconsistent shapes and
naturalistic themes. The final
product is a reflection of the
inner feelings of the designer,
hence the use of the term
“expressionism.”
Brutalism
•Concrete was heavily used in the
formation of buildings during the
mid-to-late 20th century in
England, when communities
needed cost-effective ways to
rebuild after World War II. Brutalist
buildings can be identified by their
consistently blocky appearances,
which many find aesthetically
displeasing and downright ugly.
Notably, Prince Charles has
publically criticized the presence of
the buildings in England.
Postmodern
•Postmodern architecture
contrasts from modernism in that
it requires creativity and
ornamentation. The movement
gained steam in the ’60s and ’70s
as architects attempted to
combine past styles while straying
away from an overemphasis on
functionalism. Appearance
became a priority, as evidenced
by the construction of Houston’s
Bank of America Center and
Kuala Lumpur’s Petronas Towers
in the latter years of the 20th
century.
New Urbanism •New Urbanism is the
recent answer to urban
sprawl. The goal is to
facilitate a true sense of
community within American
cities by enabling foot
traffic, increasing
affordable housing, and
practicing historic
preservation and
sustainability. An emphasis
is placed on visual
coherence in the
construction of
neighborhoods,
incorporating a mostly
historical architectural
styles adapted to the
setting.
The Sanskrit, Chinese, & Japanese
equivalents of “philosophia” are:
Darshana (Sanskrit), which means “vision”
(more precisely, vision of ultimate reality)

Je Shwe (Chinese, pronounced something

like “juh shway”), which means “wise study”

Tetsugaku (Japanese), which means “wise

learning”
 The Greek word, philosophia,
means
 the love (philia)

 of

 wisdom (sophia)
Another point about constructive
philosophy:
 Traditionally, the aim of constructive
philosophy was quite ambitious. It was to
construct a comprehensive, coherent, &
intellectually (& perhaps emotionally)
satisfying world-view or philosophical system
in which everything “falls into place,” has
meaning, & makes sense.
 However, in modern times, many (but not all)
constructive philosophers have tended to be
more modest in their aims, attempting to
answer only a few of the major philosophical
questions without attempting the construction
of a world-view or philosophical system.
 Theories of Truth
What makes a belief or proposition true (as opposed to
false)?

• Correspondence theory: A belief or

proposition is true when it corresponds to,
agrees with, or describes reality (i.e., the
"way things are," what is in fact the case),
and it is false when it fails to correspond
to, agree with, or describe reality. (How we
find out whether beliefs, propositions, and
claims are in fact true or false, i.e., how we
go about proving or disproving truth-
claims, is a question we will need to
discuss.)
• Coherence theory: A belief or proposition
is true when it agrees (coheres) with other
true beliefs or propositions in a system of
accepted beliefs and propositions.

• Pragmatic theory: A belief or proposition is

true when it works out in practice, i.e.,
"when acting upon it yields satisfactory
practical results." William James held that
this approach will lead in the long run to "a
stable body of scientific propositions that
have been shown in experience to be
successful principles for human action."
• Philosophy, on the constructive side, is the
attempt to formulate rationally defensible
answers to certain fundamental questions
concerning the nature of reality, the nature of
value, & the nature of knowledge and truth
• &, on the critical side, it is the analysis,
clarification, & evaluation of answers given to
basic metaphysical, axiological, &
epistemological questions in an effort to
determine just how rationally defensible such
answers are.
 PHILOSOPHIES

• FAMOUS DICTUMS PHILOSOPHIES

SAYINGS
 Form follows function - Louis Sullivan

 Form does not necessarily follow

function--Antonio Gaudi

 Art and Architecture, the new unity- Walter

Gropius
• A house is a house- Louis Kahn

• Cube within a cube- Le Corbusier

• A bridge is like a house- Robert Maillart

• A bridge is like a house- Robert Maillart

• Less is more - Ludwig Mies Van de Rohe

• Function influence but does not dictate

form - Eero Saarinen

• Modern architecture need not to be

Western - Kenzo Tange
• Archtiecture must meet 3 requirements:
strength,beauty, and unity- Marcus
Vitruvius Poci

• Note :-know at least about 5 pho ref

section a design study report
ideology
 theory
• theory
•
• Definition
• A set of assumptions, propositions, or accepted facts that attempts to provide a plausible or rational explanation of cause-and-effect
(causal) relationships among a group of observed phenomenon. The word's origin (from the Greek thorós, a spectator), stresses the fact
that all theories are mental models of the perceived reality.
•
Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/theory.html#ixzz2MUYOQqjo
• Theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking. Depending on the context,
the results might for example include generalized explanations of how nature works, or even how divine or metaphysical matters are
thought to work. The word has its roots in ancient Greek, but in modern use it has taken on several different related meanings.
• One modern group of meanings emphasizes the speculative and generalizing nature of theory. For example in the arts and philosophy,
the term "theoretical" may be used to describe ideas and empirical phenomena which are not easily measurable. And by extension of the
philosophical meaning, "theoria" is also a word still used in theological contexts. As already in Aristotle's definitions, theory is very often
contrasted to "practice" (from Greek praxis, πρᾶξις) a Greek term for "doing", which is opposed to theory because pure theory involves no
doing apart from itself. A classical example of the distinction between theoretical and practical uses the discipline of medicine: medical
theory involves trying to understand the causes and nature of health and sickness, while the practical side of medicine is trying to make
people healthy. These two things are related but can be independent, because it is possible to research health and sickness without
curing specific patients, and it is possible to cure a patient without knowing how the cure worked.[1]
• In modern science, the term "theory" refers to scientific theories, a well-confirmed type of explanation of nature, made in a
way consistent with scientific method, and fulfilling thecriteria required by modern science. Such theories are described in such a way that
any scientist in the field is in a position to understand and either provide empirical support ("verify") or empirically contradict ("falsify") it.
Scientific theories are the most reliable, rigorous, and comprehensive form of scientific knowledge,[2] in contrast to more common uses of
the word "theory" that imply that something is unproven or speculative (which is better defined by the word 'hypothesis').[3] Scientific
theories are also distinguished fromhypotheses, which are individual empirically testable conjectures, and scientific laws, which are
descriptive accounts of how nature will behave under certain conditions.[4]
•
•