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hydrology
PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARJORIE B. GANDEZA
Hydrology
• Science of water
EVAPORATION
- The process by which
water changes from a
liquid to a gas or vapor.
Evapotranspiration and
Transpiration
Stages of
Hydrologic
Cycle
CONDENSATION
- The process by
which water
vapor in the air is
changed into
liquid water
Stages of
Hydrologic
Cycle
PRECIPITATION
- Water is released
from clouds.
- It is the primary
connection in the
water cycle that
provides for the
delivery of
atmospheric
water to the
earth.
Stages of
Hydrologic Cycle
GROUNDWATER
-comes from the
precipitation that
infiltrates downward
from the land
surface.
- Another term is
“aquifer”
- Unconfined and
confined aquifers
Stages of Hydrologic Cycle
RUN-OFF
- Precipitation runoff over the landscape.
- Meteorological factors affecting runoff:
1. Type of precipitation
2. Rainfall Intensity
3. Rainfall amount
4. Rainfall duration
5. Distribution of rainfall over the drainage basin
6. Direction of storm movement
7. Precipitation that occurred earlier and resulting soil
moisture.
8. Other meteorological and climatic conditions
Stages of Hydrologic Cycle
RUN-OFF
Physical Characteristics affecting runoff
1. Land use
2. Vegetation
3. Soil type
4. Drainage area
5. Basin shape
6. Elevation
7. Topography
8. Drainage network patterns
CONDENSATION & PRECIPITATION
CONDENSATION
OROGRAPHIC
- this occurs when
warm, humid air cools as
it rises over a high
elevation.
- as air strikes, it is
lifted and cooled.
CAUSES OF PRECIPITATION
CONVECTIVE
- When warm,
humid air rises after
being warmed from a
surface below.
- As the air rises
quickly, it expands,
cools and water
vapour condenses.
CAUSES OF PRECIPITATION
FRONTAL
- When warm, moist air rises
over cold air.
- As the warm air gently
rises over the cool air,
clouds form and
condensation occurs.
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
RAIN
- Approximate size: 0.5 to 5mm
- Generally produced by nimbostratus or cumulonimbus
SNOW
- Approximate size: 1mm to 2 cm
-produced in supercooled clouds where water vapor is
deposited as ice crystals that remain frozen during their
descent.
MIST
- Approximate size: 1mm to 2 cm
- Associated with stratus clouds. Smaller water droplets.
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
DRIZZLE
- Approximate size: less than 0.5mm
- Smaller droplets of rain, yet larger than mist
SLEET
- Approximate size: 0.5 to 5mm
- Small spherical to lumpy ice particles that form when
raindrops freeze while falling through a layer of
subfreezing air.
GLAZE
- Approximate size: 1mm to 2cm thick
- produced when super cooled raindrops freeze on
contact with solid objects.
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
RIME
- Approximate size: variable accumulations
- deposits usually consists of ice feathers that point into the
wind.
- deposit of ice crystals formed by the freezing of
supercooled fog or cloud droplets on objects whose
surface temperature is below freezing.
HAIL
- Approximate size: 5mm to 10cm or larger
- precipitation in the form of hard, rounded pellets or
irregular lumps of ice.
GRAUPEL
- Approximate size:2 to 5 mm
- sometimes called soft hail, graupel forms as rime collects
on snow crystals to produce irregular masses of soft ice.
- watery hail
PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT
RAIN MEASUREMENT
- rain is the most common form of
precipitation.
- most common instruments used
to measure rain:
1. standard rain gauge
2. tipping bucket
gauge
3. weighing gauge
PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT
SNOW MEASUREMENT
- the two most common measurements of snow are depth and
water equivalent.
1. Arithmetic mean
3. Isohyetal Method
PROBLEM NO. 1