Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 45

Linear elastic fracture mechanics

(LEFM)

By

Abrha Gebregergs (Ass.Profesor)


Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM)

A large field of fracture mechanics uses


concepts and theories in which linear elastic
material behavior is an essential assumption. This
is the case for Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
(LEFM).
• is the basic theory of fracture, that deals with
sharp cracks in elastic bodies.
• It is applicable to any materials as long as the
material is elastic except in a vanishingly
• small region at the crack tip (assumption of
small scale yielding),
• brittle or quasi brittle fracture, stable or
unstable crack growth
Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM)
• For LEFM the structure obeys Hooke’s law and
global behavior is linear and if any local small scale
crack tip plasticity is ignored.
• The fundamental principle of fracture mechanics is
that the stress field around a crack tip being
characterized by stress intensity factor K which is
related to both the stress and the size of the flaw.
The analytic development of the stress intensity
factor is described for a number of common
specimen and crack geometries.
Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM)
• In the 1950s Irwin and coworkers introduced the concept of stress
intensity factor, which defines the stress field around the crack tip,
taking into account crack length, applied stress s and shape factor Y(
which accounts for finite size of the component and local geometric features).
• when a body is loaded and these loads are within the same plane, say
the x-y plane, two different loading conditions are possible:
s
Thickness Thickness
1. plane stress (PSS), when the B B
s s
thickness of the body is
syy
comparable to the size of the y

plastic zone and a free sz sz


s
contraction of lateral surfaces Crack
Plane
X
occurs, and, sz sz
a
2. plane strain (PSN), when
the specimen is thick enough
s s
to avoid contraction in the
thickness z-direction.
s
Plane Stress Plane Strain
In the former case, the overall stress state is reduced to the
three components; sx, sy, txy, since; sz, txz, tyz= 0, while, in
the latter case, a normal stress, sz, is induced which
prevents the z displacement, ez = w = 0. Hence, from
Hooke's law:
sz = ν (sx+sy)
where ν is Poisson's ratio.
For plane problems, the equilibrium conditions are:

s x t xy s y t xy
 0 ;  0
x y y x
Crack and stress intensity approach

K I  s a
The unit of Ki is MPam’
dır.
Opening mode analysis or Mode I

Consider an infinite plate a crack of length 2a subjected to a biaxial


State of stress. Defining:
s

Boundary Conditions :
• At infinity | z |   sx  sy  s, txy  0 y s
• On crack faces
 a  x  a;y  0 sx  txy  0 2a
x

s
   3 
cos   1  sin   sin   
KI
sx 
2r 2  2   2 
   3 
cos   1  sin   sin   
KI
sy 
2r 2  2   2 
   3 
sin   cos   cos   
KI
t xy 
2r 2  2  2 

From Hooke’s law, displacement field can be obtained as

2(1  )   1  
cos     sin 2   
r
u KI
E 2 2 2  2 
2(1  )   1  
sin     cos2   
r
v KI
E 2  2   2  2 
where u, v = displacements in x, y directions
  (3  4) for plane stress problems
3  
    for plane strain problems
 1  
The vertical displacements at any position along x-axis (  0 is
given by s
v
E
2
a
2
x  y
for plane stress
v
s(1  2 )
a 
x
v 2
x 2
for plane strain x
E
The strain energy required for creation of crack is given by the
work done by force acting on the crack face while relaxing the
stress s to zero 1
U a  Fv
2
For plane stress For plane strain
s s(1   2 )
 a  x dx a  x 2 dx
a a
Ua  4 s  2 2
Ua  4 s  2

0 E 0 E
s2 a 2 s2 a 2 (1   2 )
E E
The strain energy release rate is given by G  dU a da
s2 a s2 (1   2 )a
GI = GI =
E E
K 2I K 2I (1  2 )
GI = GI =
E E
Sliding mode analysis or Mode 2

Boundary Conditions :
• At infinity | z |   sx  sy  0, txy  t0
• On crack faces  a  x  a;y  0  sx  txy  0

With usual simplification would give the stresses as

t0
     3  
cos   cos    2  cos   cos    
K II
sx 
2r  2    2  2  2  
y
   3 
cos   sin   cos   
K II
sy 
2r 2 2  2  2a

K II       3  
t xy  cos   1  sin   sin   
2r 2  2   2 
t0
Displacement components are given by

(1  )sin      2  cos   
K II r
u
E 2 2

(1  )cos      2  cos   
K II r
v
E 2 2

K II  to a
K 2I
GI = for plane stress
E
K 2I (1  2 )
GI = for plane strain
E
Tearing mode analysis or Mode 3

In this case the crack is displaced along z-axis. Here


the displacements u and v are set to zero and hence

e x  e y   xy   yx  0
w w
 xy   yx  and  yz   zy 
x y
the equilibrium equation is written as
t xz t yz
 0
x y
Strain displacement relationship is given by
2 w 2 w
   2
w0
x 2 y2
The stresses are given by

sin  
K III
t xz 
2 r 2

t yz  III cos  
K
2 r 2
s x  s y  t xy  0
and displacements are given by
K III 2r  
w  sin  
G  2
uv0
K III  to a
Stress Intensity Factor

K I  s a = mode 1 stress
intensity factor

Constant
Average stress Crack size
depending on
(i.e. away from
geometry/load
crack)
ing
Elliptic Crack
Elliptic Crack
Semi eliptic Surface crack
Problems
1.Assume that an advanced ceramic, SiAlON (silicon aluminum oxynitride),
has a tensile strength of 414 MPa.
Let us assume that this value is for a flaw-free ceramic. (In practice, it is almost
impossible to produce flaw-free ceramics.)
A crack 0.025 cm deep is observed before a SiAlON part is tested.
The part unexpectedly fails at a stress of 3.5 MPa by propagation of the crack.
 Estimate the radius of the crack tip.

20
Problems
2. Consider a circular hole in a plate loaded in tension. When will material near
the hole yield?

2. A plate with a rectangular section


500 mm by 15 mm carries a tensile load of 50kN.
It is made of a ductile metal with a yield strength of
50 MPa.
The plate contains an elliptical hole of length 100
mm and a minimum radius of 1 mm, oriented as
shown in the diagram.

 What is

(a) the nominal stress


(b) The maximum stress in the plate?
(c) Will the plate start to yield?
(d) Will it collapse completely?
21
Problems
Problems
Fracture toughness and design
If the KIC value of material is known and the presence of a crack is allowed,
we can then monitor the crack propagation during service prior to failure =>
How long we can use the component before it fails.
LEFM is applicable if the
equation below fulfill

Brittle materials, for which appreciable


plastic deformation is not possible in front of
an advancing crack, have low KIc values and
are vulnerable to catastrophic failure.

Crack length necessary


for fracture at a materials
25 yield strength
LEFM concepts are valid if the plastic zone is much smaller than the singularity zones.
1 KI 2
Irwin estimates rp  ( )
2 s ys
1 KI 2
Dugdale strip yield model: rp  ( )
8 s ys

KI 1
ASTM: a,B, W-a  2.5 ( )2 , i.e. rp  of specimen dimension.
s ys 50
Damage tolerance
Critical crack lengths are a measure of the
damage tolerance of a material

Tough metals are able to contain


large cracks but still yield in a
predictable, ductile, manner
27
Fail-Safe Design

Yield-before-break Leak-before-break
Requires that the crack will Requires that a crack
not propagate even if the just large enough to
stress causes the part to yield penetrate both the inner
and outer surface of the
vessel is still stable

28
Design using fracture mechanics

wall stress

Consider the thin-walled spherical


tank of radius r and thickness t that
may be used as a pressure vessel.

One design of such a tank calls for yielding of the wall


material prior to failure as a result of the formation of a
crack of critical size and its subsequent rapid propagation.
Thus, plastic distortion of the wall may be observed and
the pressure within the tank released before the occurrence
of catastrophic failure.
Consequently, materials having large critical crack lengths
are desired.

29
Design process – yield-before-fracture
Requirement:
The stresses are everywhere less that
required to make a crack of critical
length to propagate.
BUT!!! It is not safe…

Requirement:
Crack should not propagate even if
the stress is sufficient to cause
general yield – for then the vessel
will deform stably in a way that can
be detected.

Tolerable crack size ≤


30
Design problem - leak-before-break
An alternative design that is also often utilized with pressure vessels is termed
leak-before-break. Using principles of fracture mechanics, allowance is made for
the growth of a crack through the thickness of the vessel wall prior to the
occurrence of rapid crack propagation. Thus, the crack will completely
penetrate the wall without catastrophic failure, allowing for its detection by the
leaking of pressurized fluid.
With this criterion the critical crack length ac (i.e., one-half of the total internal
crack length) is taken to be equal to the pressure vessel thickness t.

2a = t

Using this criterion,


rank the metal alloys in
Table as to the maximum ≤
allowable pressure.
31
Design problem - leak-before-break

where B is thickness
of the vessel
Damage-tolerant Design

FUNCTION AND CONSTRAINTS MAXIMISE [1]


TIES (tensile member)
Maximize flaw tolerance and strength, load-controlled design KIC and σf
Maximize flaw tolerance and strength, displacement-control KIC / E and σf
Maximize flaw tolerance and strength, energy-control KIC2 / E and σf
SHAFTS (loaded in torsion)
Maximize flaw tolerance and strength, load-controlled design KIC and σf
Maximize flaw tolerance and strength, displacement-control KIC / E and σf
Maximize flaw tolerance and strength, energy-control KIC2 / E and σf
BEAMS (loaded in bending)
Maximize flaw tolerance and strength, load-controlled design KIC and σf
Maximize flaw tolerance and strength, displacement-control KIC / E and σf
Maximize flaw tolerance and strength, energy-control KIC2 / E and σf
PRESSURE VESSEL
Yield-before-break KIC / σf
Leak-before-break KIC2 / σf

1.KIC = fracture toughness; E = Young's modulus; σf = failure strength (the yield strength for metals and ductile polymers, the tensile strength for ceramics,
glasses and brittle polymers loaded in tension; the flexural strength or modulus of rupture for materials loaded in bending).
Design of a ceramic support
Determine the minimum allowable thickness for a 7.5 cm wide plate
made of sialon (SiAlON or silicon aluminumoxynitride) that has a
fracture toughness of 9.9 Mpa m1/2.
The plate must withstand a tensile load of 177 920 N.
The part will be non-destructively tested to ensure that no flaws are
present that might cause failure.

The minimum allowable thickness of the part will depend on the


minimum flaw size that can be determined by the available testing
technique.

Assume that three non-destructive testing techniques are available:


X-ray radiography can detect flaws larger than 0.05 cm;
gamma-ray radiography can detect flaws larger than 0.02 cm; and
ultrasonic inspection can detect flaws larger than 0.0125 cm.

Assume that the geometry factor f = 1.0 for all flaws.


34
Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics

• is the theory of ductile fracture, usually characterized by


stable crack growth
• (ductile metals) the fracture process is accompanied by
formation of large plastic zone at the crack tip
Fracture Toughness in Ductile Materials
 We have seen that the crack tip gets blunted in ductile materials. As the stress intensity factor
approach assumes that the material in linear elastic, the solutions obtained are not applicable
to ductile materials.
 However, if the plastic deformation zone around the crack tip is smaller than the K-
dominance zone, then the LEFM approach can be used for ductile materials also (with
minimum errors). This is referred to as Small Scale Yielding (SSY).
 Irwin estimated the size of the plastic deformation zone (near the crack tip): 2
 KI 
(Assuming the plastic deformation to be small). rplastic  
 s y 
 
 If the yielding is large, then the applicability of LEFM breaks down. As a first approach
Irwin suggested the use of ‘effective crack length’ instead of crack length, to obtain an
‘effective stress intensity factor’.
Effective crack length = crack length + ½(plastic zone size).
 Further Dugdale presented a strip yielding zone model to determine the plastic zone size (in
thin cracked sheets).
 The concept of Crack Opening Displacement (COD) was proposed by Wells. This model can
be used both in case of moderate and large yielding.
 The energy release rate (G) concept was generalized by Rice to include non-linear elastic and
elastic-plastic materials. He represented the energy release rate by a path dependent line
integral, the J-integral.
 Using concepts from deformation plasticity Rice and Rosengren along with Hutchinson
derived the crack tip stress fields in the presence of plastic deformation (called the HRR
fields). They showed that the J-integral characterizes the crack tip with plastic deformation
analogous to the stress intensity factor (K) in LEFM. Technically, the J-integral should be
used for crack initiation only.
IRWIN’S APPROXIMATION
IRWIN’S APPROXIMATION
IRWIN’S APPROXIMATION
IRWIN’S APPROXIMATION
Problem

Вам также может понравиться