Gas Laws

12- Combined Gas Law

• Combination of ‘minor’ gas laws which
enables the solving of problems
involving changes of P, V, T and n all
together
• P1V1 = P2V2
n1T1 n2T2
 If a variable is held constant, omit it from
the formula
 If a variable is doubled with no initial value
given, just substitute it for x and 2x or ‘10’
and ‘20’
 Example
• 2 mol of gas X has a volume of 1L at 25oC. If its
pressure is tripled and temperature raised to
100oC, what would be its new volume?
n1 = n2 = 2 mol (variable can be eliminated)
V1 = 1L T1 = 25 oC + 273 = 298K P1 = x
V2 = ? T2 = 100oC + 273 = 373K P2 = 3x

V2 = P1V1T2 = (x)(1L)(373K) = 0.417L

T1P2 (298K)(3x)
 13- Molar Volume
• Is the volume of ONE MOLE of any gas
at a specific T and P
• This value changes with any change in
P or T
• At STP molar volume = 22.4 L
 Ideal Gas vs Real Gas
• Ideal Gases • Real Gases
 Hypothetical gases that  In reality, all gases will
‘obey’ all gas laws under eventually liquefy or
all conditions of P and T solidify at very low
 Don’t exist in real life temperatures or high
pressures.
 Gas laws assume that
 At these conditions ,
gases behave as ideal
particles attract each other
gases under any T and P
 Assume that at any P and  Gas Laws are therefore
T ideal gases:
not applicable under these
 Exhibit no attraction
conditions of T and P
between particles ie: won’t
liquefy or solidify
 Occupy no volume at zero
kelvin
 14- Ideal Gas Law
• Involves the collective relationship
between the P, V, n and T of ANY gas.
• PV = nRT
 P = Pressure of gas
 V = Volume of gas
 n = moles of gas
 T = Temperature (Kelvin)
 R = Universal gas constant
 15 - Universal Gas
Constant (R)
• Value applied to make ideal gas law a valid math
equation
• Value changes depending on pressure UNIT
• Calculated at STP conditions for one mole of any gas
 If P in atm, R calculated by:
 R = PV = 1 atm x 22.4L = 0.082 atm L
nT 1mol x 273K mol K

 If P in kPa, R calculated by:

 R = PV = 101.3 kPa x 22.4L = 8.31 kPa L
nT 1mol x 273K mol K
 Ideal Gas Law Example
• What mass of Ne gas must be put into an
880ml rigid vessel to obtain a gas with a P of
240kPa and temperature of 35oC?
n=? P = 240kPa V = 880ml (0.88L) T = 35oC + 273 = 308K
n = PV = 240kPa x 0.88L = 0.083mol Ne gas
RT 8.31 kPa L x 308K
mol K

Mass Ne = 0.083mol x 20g/1mol = 1.66g

16 - Partial Pressure of Gas

• Note: equal VOLUME of gases

(containing same mols of gas) at same
T apply:
 THE SAME PRESSURE
 Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressure
• Ptotal= P1 + P2 + P3…
• Example #1
 2L of gas A, 4L of gas B and 8L of gas C all at the same
temperature are put in a container. The total pressure of the
mixture is 235kPa. What is the partial pressure (PP) of
each?
1) PPA = 2L x 235kPa = 33.6kPa
14L
2) PP = 4L x 235kPa = 67.1kPa
B
14L
3) PP = 8L x 235kPa = 134.3kPa
C
14L
 Dalton’s Law Ex #2
• 7.84L of CO2 and 0.40 mol H2 at SATP are put
into a 10.5L vessel. The temperature of the
mixture drops to -12.5OC. What is the PP of
each gas? (SATP same as STP BUT at 25OC)
1) nCO2 = PV = 101.3kPa x 7.84L = 0.32mol CO2
RT 8.31 x 298.15K
2)ntotal = 0.32 mol + 0.40 mol = 0.72 mol
3) Ptotal = nRT = 0.72 mol x 8.31 x 260.65 K = 148.4 kPa
V 10.5L
4) PPCO2 = 0.32/0.72 x 148.4kPa = 65.96 kPa
17 - Avogadro’s Hypothesis
• Equal volumes of gases at the same P and T
all contain the same number of molecules.
 Ex: at STP conditions, the following is true:
 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O
 2mol H2 1mol O2 2mol H2O
 44.8L H2 22.4L O2 44.8L H2O
 12.04 x 1023 6.02 x 1023 12.04 X 1023
 That is, VOLUMES of gases at same T and P are
in same ratios as the coefficients (like moles are!)
 STP vs SATP
• SATP
 Standard ambient temperature and pressure
 25oC (298.15k)
 101.3kPa
• STP
 Standard temperature and pressure
 273.15K
 101.3kPa
 18- How to calculate the
molar volume of a gas at
any T and P
• Ex: What is the molar volume of CO2 gas
at 890kPa and 15oC?
•P = 890 kPa V= nRT
•T= 288.15 K P
•n= 1mol V= 1mol x 8.31 x 288.15K
•R = 8.31 kPa L
mol K 890 kPa
V= 2.69 L
*The volume of a gas is affected by any change in T and P but
 19- Density of Gases
•D=m
V
• If any 2 equivalent variables of a gas
are known, they can be used as a
conversion factor to solve a problem.
 Example
• The density of a gas is 1.8g/L at 25OC and
101.3kPa. What is its molar mass?
 Volume for one mol:
 V=?
 n= 1 mol
 T= 298.15K
 P=101.3kPa

 V=nRT = 1 x 8.31 x 298.15 = 24.45L

P 101.3
 Molar Mass = 24.45L x 1.8g = 44g
1L
 Example #2
• In the reaction N2 + 3H2 -> 2NH3 , if 4.70
mol H2 are reacted, what volume of NH3
would be produced at a T of 45OC and P
of 156 kPa?

a) 4.70 mol H2 x 2mol NH3 = 3.13 mol NH3 produced

3mol H2
b) VNH3 = nRT = 3.13 x 8.31 x 318.15K = 53.1L
P 156 kPa
 Example #3
• For the equation in example 2, if 24.44L NH3
are produced at 1.43 atm and 550C, what mass
of H2 must be reacted?
V= 24.44L n= PV
P = 1.43atm x 101.3kPa RT
1 atm
= 144.9kPa x 24.44L
= 144.9 kPa
8.31 x 328.15K
T = 550C + 273.15 = = 1.3mol
328.15K1.3mol NH3 x 3mol H2 = 1.95molH2 x 2g = 3.9gH2
n= ? 2mol NH3 1mol
 20- Relative Masses of
Gases
• Remember Avagadro’s Hypothesis!!
• Ex #1
 What is the mass of 15.68L of gas X at 350C and
116kPa, if its 1.8 times more dense than O2?

a) 32g/mol x 1.8 = 57.6g/mol Gas X

b) n= PV = 116kPa x 15.68L = 0.71mol Gas X
RT 8.31 x 308K
c) 0.71 mol x 57.6g/mol = 40.9g
 Example #2
• At SATP, 7.35 L of gas A weighs 17.5g.
What is its molar mass?
• V= nRT = 1 x 8.31 x 298 = 24.5L
P 101.3kPa
• Molar Mass = 24.5L x 17.5g = 58g/mol
mol 7.35L
 21- Graham’s Law of
Diffusion
• Diffusion
 Process whereby a substance spreads
spontaneously in all directions from regions
of high to low concentration
 At the same T gases diffuse/move at
different rates
 The lighter the gas, the faster it diffuses
 Graham’s Law
• The relative rate of diffusion of 2 gases
is inversely proportional to the square
root of their molar masses or densities.

______________
RateA = √molar mass B
RateB √molar massA
 Example #1
Calculate the RR (Relative Rate) of diffusion of H2 and CO2
__________

√44g/mol = 6.63 = 4.7*

√2g/mol 1.41

•There is no unit for the RR of diffusion

•The 4.7 indicates that H2 diffuses at a rate 4.7 times faster
than
CO2