Teknik Produksi II

(Production Engineering)
TM-4141
Introduction

 Sistem sumur pengangkatan buatan

 Pengenalan perancangan sumur pangangkatan
buatan
 Review Nodal System Analysis
Introduction to Artificial Lift
IPR vs. OPR

q = PI × (Pavg - Pwf)
 ARTIFICIAL LIFT ASSISTED PRODUCTION

6500 INITIAL PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE

Outflow

6000
NATURAL FLOW

5500
Pwf, psi

Reservoir Inflow
Performance
5000

4500

4000
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000

Flow Rate ( STB/day )

 ARTIFICIAL LIFT ASSISTED PRODUCTION

6500 FINAL PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE

Outflow

6000
NOT FLOWING

5500
Pwf, psi

5000

Reservoir Inflow
4500
Performance

4000
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000

Flow Rate ( STB/day )

 ARTIFICIAL LIFT ASSISTED PRODUCTION

6500

6000 BACK TO PRODUCTION BY

ARTIFICIAL LIFT
Outflow
5500
Pwf, psi

5000

Reservoir Inflow
4500
Performance

4000
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000

Flow Rate ( STB/day )

 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

A well never actually attains its absolute flow potential, because in order for it to
flow, Pwf must exceed the backpressure that the producing fluid exerts on the
formation as it moves through the production system. This backpressure or bottom
hole pressure has the following components:

o Hydrostatic pressure of the producing fluid column

o Friction pressure caused by fluid movement through the tubing, wellhead and

surface equipment

o Kinetic or potential losses due to diameter restrictions, pipe bends or

elevation changes.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Artificial Lift

Artificial lift is a means of overcoming bottomhole pressure so that a well can

produce at some desired rate, either by injecting gas into the producing fluid column
to reduce its hydrostatic pressure, or using a downhole pump to provide additional
lift pressure downhole.

We tend to associate artificial lift with mature, depleted fields, where Pavg has
declined such that the reservoir can no longer produce under its natural energy. But
these methods are also used in younger fields to increase production rates and
improve project economics.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Gas Lift

Gas lift involves injecting high-pressure gas from the

surface into the producing fluid column through one or
more subsurface valves set at predetermined depths

VIDEO
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Gas Lift

There are two main types of gas lift:

Continuous gas lift, where gas is injected in a constant, uninterrupted stream. This
lowers the overall density of the fluid column and reduces the hydrostatic
component of the flowing bottomhole pressure. This method is generally applied
to wells with high productivity indexes.

Intermittent gas lift, which is designed for lower-productivity wells. In this type of
gas lift installation, a volume of formation fluid accumulates inside the production
tubing. A high-pressure “slug” of gas is then injected below the liquid, physically
displacing it to the surface. As soon as the fluid is produced, gas injection is
interrupted, and the cycle of liquid accumulation-gas injection-liquid production is
repeated.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Gas Lift

Advantages: Gas lift can be used in deviated or crooked wellbores, and in high-
temperature environments that might adversely affect other lift methods, and it is
conducive to maximizing lift efficiency in high-GOR wells. Wireline-retrievable gas
lift valves can be pulled and reinstalled without pulling the tubing, making it
relatively easy and economical to modify the design.

Disadvantages: the availability of gas and the costs for compression and injection
are major considerations. Lift efficiency can be reduced by corrosion and paraffin.
Another disadvantage of gas lift is its difficulty in fully depleting low-pressure, low-
productivity wells. Also, the start-and-stop nature of intermittent gas lift may cause
downhole pressure surges and lead to increased sand production.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Pump-Assisted Lift

Downhole pumps are used to increase pressure at the bottom of the tubing string
by an amount sufficient to lift fluid to the surface. These pumps fall into two basic
categories: positive displacement pumps and dynamic displacement pumps.

A positive displacement pump works by moving fluid from a suction chamber to a

discharge chamber. This basic operating principle applies to reciprocating rod
pumps, hydraulic piston pumps and progressive cavity pumps (PCPs).

A dynamic displacement pump works by causing fluid to move from inlet to outlet
under its own momentum, as is the case with a centrifugal pump. Dynamic
displacement pumps commonly used in artificial lift include electrical submersible
pumps (ESPs) and hydraulic jet pumps.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Pump-Assisted Lift – Reciprocating Rod Pump

Beam pumping is the most common artificial lift

method. It can be used for a wide range of
production rates and operating conditions, and rod
pump systems are relatively simple to operate and
maintain. However, the volumetric efficiency
(capacity) of a rod pump is low. its initial installation
may involve relatively high capital costs. Its
application is very limited for deep, inclined and
horizontal wells.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Pump-Assisted Lift – PCP

As the rotor turns, cavities between the rotor and

stator move upward.

Progressive cavity pumps are commonly used for

dewatering coalbed methane gas wells, for
production and injection applications in waterflood
projects and for producing heavy or high-solids oil.
They are versatile, generally very efficient, and
excellent for handling fluids with high solids content.
However, because of the torsional stresses placed
on rod strings and temperature limitations on the
stator elastomers, they are not used in deeper wells.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Pump-Assisted Lift – Hydraulic Pump

Hydraulic pump systems use a power fluid—usually

light oil or water—that is injected from the surface
to operate a downhole pump. Multiple wells can be
produced using a single surface power fluid
installation
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Pump-Assisted Lift – Hydraulic Pump

With a reciprocating hydraulic pump, the injected power fluid operates a downhole
fluid engine, which drives a piston to pump formation fluid and spent power fluid to
the surface.

A jet pump is a type of hydraulic pump with no moving parts. Power fluid is injected
into the pump body and into a small-diameter nozzle, where it becomes a low-
pressure, high-velocity jet. Formation fluid mixes with the power fluid, and then
passes into an expanding-diameter diffuser. This reduces the velocity of the fluid
mixture, while causing its pressure to increase to a level that is sufficient to lift it to
the surface
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Pump-Assisted Lift – Hydraulic Pump

Used at depths from 1000 to 17,000 feet and are capable of producing at rates from 100
to 10,000 B/D. They can be hydraulically circulated in and out of the well, thus
eliminating the need for wireline or rig operations to replace pumps and making this
system adaptable to changing field conditions. Another advantage is that heavy,
viscous fluids are easier to lift after mixing with the lighter power fluid.

Disadvantages of hydraulic pump systems include the potential fire hazards if oil is used
as a power fluid, the difficulty in pumping produced fluids with high solids content, the
effects of gas on pump efficiency and the need for dual strings of tubing on some
installations.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Pump-Assisted Lift – ESP

An electric submersible pumping (ESP)

assembly consists of a downhole centrifugal
pump driven by a submersible electric motor,
which is connected to a power source at the
surface
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Pump-Assisted Lift – ESP

Advantages:

The most efficient lift methods on a cost-per-barrel basis.

High rate: 100 to 60,000 B/D, including high water-cut fluids.

Work in high-temperature wells (above 350°F) using high-temperature motors and

cables.

The pumps can be modified to lift corrosive fluids and sand.

ESP systems can be used in high-angle and horizontal wells if placed in straight or
vertical sections of the well.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Pump-Assisted Lift – ESP

Disadvantages:

ESP pumps can be damaged from “gas lock”. In wells producing high GOR fluids, a
downhole gas separator must be installed. Another disadvantage is that ESP
pumps have limited production ranges determined by the number and type of
pump stages; changing production rates requires either a pump change or
installation of a variable-speed surface drive. The tubing must be pulled for pump
repairs or replacement.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Selecting an Artificial Lift Method – Reservoir Characteristics

Artificial lift considerations should ideally be part of the well planning process.
Future lift requirements will be based on the overall reservoir exploitation
strategy, and will have a strong impact on the well design.

Some of the key factors that influence the selection of an artificial lift method.

IPR: A well’s inflow performance relationship defines its production potential

Liquid production rate: The anticipated production rate is a controlling factor in

selecting a lift method; positive displacement pumps are generally limited to rates
of 4000-6000 B/D.

Water cut: High water cuts require a lift method that can move large volumes of
fluid
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Selecting an Artificial Lift Method – Reservoir Characteristics

Gas-liquid ratio: A high GLR generally lowers the efficiency of pump-assisted lift

Viscosity: Viscosities less than 10 cp are generally not a factor in selecting a lift
method; high-viscosity fluids can cause difficulty, particularly in sucker rod pumping

Formation volume factor: Ratio of reservoir volume to surface volume determines

how much total fluid must be lifted to achieve the desired surface production rate

Reservoir drive mechanism: Depletion drive reservoirs: Late-stage production may

require pumping to produce low fluid volumes or injected water.

Water drive reservoirs : High water cuts may cause problems for lifting systems

Gas cap drive reservoirs : Increasing gas-liquid ratios may affect lift efficiency.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Selecting an Artificial Lift Method – Hole Characteristics

Well depth: The well depth dictates how much surface energy is needed to move
fluids to surface, and may place limits on sucker rods and other equipment.

Completion type: Completion and perforation skin factors affect inflow performance.

Casing and tubing sizes: Small-diameter casing limits the production tubing size and
constrains multiple options. Small-diameter tubing will limit production rates, but
larger tubing may allow excessive fluid fallback.

Wellbore deviation: Highly deviated wells may limit applications of beam pumping or
PCP systems because of drag, compressive forces and potential for rod and tubing
wear.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Selecting an Artificial Lift Method – Surface Characteristics

Flow rates: Flow rates are governed by wellhead pressures and backpressures in
surface production equipment (i.e., separators, chokes and flowlines).

Fluid contaminants: Paraffin or salt can increase the backpressure on a well.

Power sources: The availability of electricity or natural gas governs the type of
artificial lift selected. Diesel, propane or other sources may also be considered.

Field location: In offshore fields, the availability of platform space and placement of
directional wells are primary considerations. In onshore fields, such factors as noise
limits, safety, environmental, pollution concerns, surface access and well spacing must
be considered.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
Selecting an Artificial Lift Method – Field Operating Characteristics

Long-range recovery plans: Field conditions may change over time.

Pressure maintenance operations: Water or gas injection may change the artificial lift
requirements for a field.

Enhanced oil recovery projects: EOR processes may change fluid properties and require
changes in the artificial lift system.

Field automation: If the surface control equipment will be electrically powered, an

electrically powered artificial lift system should be considered.

Availability of operating and service personnel and support services: Some artificial lift
systems are relatively low-maintenance; others require regular monitoring and adjustment.
Servicing requirements (e.g., workover rig versus wireline unit) should be considered.
Familiarity of field personnel with equipment should also be taken into account.
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
General Guidelines (Weatherford 2005)
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
General Guidelines (Weatherford 2005)
 Introduction to Artificial Lift
General Guidelines (Weatherford 2005)
 Comparison of Lift Methods

Typical Artificial Lift Application Range

Ft./Lift
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 BPD

Rod PC Pumps Hydraulic Lift Submersible Pump Gas Lift

Pumps
 Comparison of Lift Methods

System Efficiency by Artificial Lift Method

100

90
Overall System Efficiency (%)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
PCP Hydraulic Piston Beam Pump ESP Hydraulic Jet Gas Lift Gas Lift
Pumps Pump (Continuous) (Intermittent)
Artificial Lift Type
THE END