So, What is

Introduction
Materials Testing?
Subjecting a material to different sets of physical and/or chemical conditions
and measuring the response of the material to the different conditions.

Why do we do Material Testing?

To develop new test processes and materials

To ensure quality and safety

To determine reasons for failure

To predict the behaviour of materials under different

environmental conditions
 What Industry Sectors Do
Testing Methods
Material Testing ?
All

Material Suppliers Steel, Aluminum, Plastics, Rubber, Textiles…

Manufacturers Automotive, Aerospace, Biomedical, Electronics, Civil,
Packaging, Sporting goods, Construction...
Government Defense Agencies & contracts, Regulatory Agencies,
NASA, Bureau of Land Management
Food Industry Food Processing Plants, Carriers, Growers,

Academic Research & Post graduate studies,

Undergraduate teaching labs
Testing Methods What gets tested?
• Zips • Bitumen • Metals & Alloy
• Adhesives • Ice cream • Springs
• Pipes & Tubes • Bottles • Plastic
• Plastic cups • Cans & rings • Wool
• Golf balls • Pens • Connectors
• Rubber • Tiles • PCB's
• Adhesives • Ceramics/Glass •
• Composites • Electronics
 Overview of
Testing Methods
Mechanical Test Types
Static - Slower tests, Impact - High
constant speed; rates; gravity or
electromechanical or impulse drop.
Hydraulic Driven.

Dynamic - Higher
rates of speed,
cycling, frequencies;
servo-hydraulic.

Creep/Stress Rupture
- Long-term Constant
Loads, often at high
temperatures.
Testing Methods Static Testing
General purpose in their capabilities
and applications (Most Common)
Apply force in a uniform manner to
test specimens.
Uniaxial loading...Tensile or Compressive.

Pushing or pulling a
material until it breaks to
find the failure point.

Record Data on the “static” behavior

of materials
 Dynamic Testing –
Testing Methods
Servohydraulic Testing
Testing materials by vibrating or oscillating forces to
determine how a material will behave under repeated
cycles of loading and unloading.

Usually uses higher speeds and frequencies, and

up to millions of cycles when compared to static testing.
Fatigue testing gives data to
predict the in-service life
of materials.
 STATIC TESTING
Science
The Two Most Common
Mechanical Tests
TENSILE TESTING - A test in which a specimen is stretched. Loading
occurs at the ends of the specimen and is directed outwards while the
stretching of the specimen is observed.

COMPRESSION TESTING - A test in which a specimen is squashed.

Loading occurs at the ends of the specimen and is directed inwards
while deformation of the specimen is observed.
 Science Load Measured as a Force
Mass is total amount of matter something contains

Weight is a measure of the pull of gravity on an object

Weight is a Force by definition and depends on gravity
Newton’s 2nd law of Motion:
–Force=Mass * Acceleration (Earth’s Gravity=9.8m/s2=32.2ft/s2)
–Pounds Force (lbf)=Slug*ft/sec2
Kilogram is actually a unit of Mass, not Force
–Newton=Kilogram(kg)*meter/sec2
Kilogram CAN be expressed as a unit of Force on Earth:
–kgf=weight, in kilograms, on Earth’s surface
 Science What is Stress?
Stress is a measure of strength, and is load per unit
area.

It is the force applied to the specimen divided by the area

through which it acts.

Force( P)

Cros sec tionalArea ( A)
 Science What is Strain?
Strain is the change in specimen length per unit of original specimen
length.

ChangeinLength

OrigonalLe ngth
 Conclusion
What does that mean?
It means that all sectors of the applicable economies will have to thoroughly
test their products.
The cost of issuing a faulty product, and the cost of damage caused by a
product can be very large for all types of industries.
Fisher-Price Announce Recall of Pogo Sticks
Hazard: An internal metal pin can wear down, causing the pogo
sticks to remain stuck in the down position and release unexpectedly,
posing a risk of fall or facial impact injuries to children.
Incidents/Injuries: Fisher-Price has received 17 reports of incidents
with the pogo sticks, including one report of two teeth being lost and
one report where stitches were required. Other injuries involved cuts
and bruises to the face, arms and legs from fall injuries.
Units: About 154,000
Manufactured in: China
 It can be seen
Conclusion
that…
Necessitates

Advances in Advances in
Science & Technology Material & Structural Testing

Allows for Further

Development
Human Resource Management at Instron: A
European Perspective
 Instron’s European
Structure

Instron Corporation - USA

Type title here

Instron Group Holdings Limited

European Headquarters

Instron Limited Spain Italy Sweden Belgium Germany India

UK
 Employment Law Legal
Structure - Europe
• Employment conditions are determined by:
– EU directives
– National law
– Industry-wide collective agreements (France,
Germany, Italy)
– Individual employment contracts
– Local custom and practice
– Case law
 Example – Working Hours
• EU Directive setting max. 48 hours work a
week
– Adopted differently in each country
– UK gained an ‘opt-out’
– France went to 35 hour week
– Some countries don’t take any notice!
 Employee Participation
• Requirement for employers to consult with
employees
– Major business changes
– Business performance
– Employment terms
• Varies by country
– Germany – Betriebsrat
– UK – Information and Consultation Committee
– France – Works Council
 Pay and Conditions
• Pay Increases - Vary by country
– UK, France, Spain – individual contracts
– Germany – annual minimum increase negotiated at industry
level
– Italy – job categorised into grades and levels with government
decided increases for various factors
– Belgium – government controlled automatic inflation increases
– India – strong pressures on salaries
• Benefit Provision
– Various according to local state provision and market
• Surveys
– Used to ensure locally competitive compensation
 Movement of Labour
• No restrictions on free movement within the EU
• Some restrictions on workers from new member
states
• Need for work permits for workers outside the EU

• Relocation by the Company

– Costs vary in each country
– Varied standard of living/lifestyle
– Education systems
– Language issues
 Issues
• Demographics – aging workforce
• Emergence of India and China
• Movement away from manufacturing in
Western Europe