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Course Name: Geology

Course Code: CIS 151

Metamorphic Rocks

Dr . Naema Mohamed Moheb

Assistant Professor of Engineering Geology

.Face book (closed group) Geology CIC 2017

 Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of
existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism,
which means change in form .
The original rock is subjected to heat (temperatures up to about
600 C ) and/or pressure ( around 500 M Pa at 20 km depth )
causing physical and/ or chemical change.
 Metamorphic changes in rock

 Recrystallization forms a strong mineral mosaic,

notably in marble.
 Metamorphic changes in rock

New minerals grow in the new conditions of high

temperature and pressure, in the line of least
resistance perpendicular to the maximum pressure to
.cause foliation, or banding within these rocks
 Planar weaknesses in the foliated metamorphic rocks
are created by the parallel micas splitting along their
mineral cleavage causing rock cleavage .
 Metamorphic changes in rock

 Most important changes are clay minerals -to---

micas---to--- feldspars and mafics.
 Non- foliated metamorphic rocks have stronger
isotropic structure. These include marble,
hornfels formed by thermal metamorphism of
clay without high pressure .
 Types of metamorphism

 Regional metamorphism involves high temperature

and pressure. Regional metamorphism involves
changes in great masses of rock over a wide area .
Rocks metamorphosed simply by being at great
depths below the Earth s surface, subjected to high
temperatures and the great pressure caused by the
immense weight of the rock layers above.


 Types of metamorphism

 Thermal or contact metamorphism involves high

temperature only. contact metamorphism take place
when magma comes into contact with the rock
because the temperatures are highest at this
boundary. Around the igneous rock that forms from
the Cooling magma is a metamorphosed zone called a
contact metamorphism .
 Types of metamorphism

 Dynamic metamorphism at high pressure only is rare

 Types of metamorphic rocks

 The types of metamorphic rocks produced

depends on the original rocks and the temperature
and pressure conditions which were imposed.

 There are two basic types of metamorphic rocks:

 Foliated , Non-Foliated
 1- Foliated metamorphic rocks :, schist , slate …have
layered or banded appearances that is produced by
exposure to heat and directed pressure.
 Types of metamorphic rocks

 2- Non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as hornfels.

marble, quartizite …do not have a layered
appearance.
 Metamorphism of different rocks
 Limestone to Marble ( by recrystalization of calcite.
Forming strong mosaics).

 Sandstone to Quartzite ( by recrystalization of quartz,

forming very strong mosaics).

 Basalt to greenstone ( by limited growth of new green

minerals).
 Granite shows little change , stable in metamorphic
conditions.

 Clay ( and rock mixtures) to hornfels, slate, schist,

depending on type and grade of metamorphism. .
 Rock alteration

 Alteration includes various processes which

affect rocks, usually involving water at lower
temperatures and pressures than metamorphism.

 Hydrothermal alteration involves hot water rising

from below, commonly from volcanic source.


 There are two types of metamorphic rocks: Foliated ,
Non-Foliated.

 There are two types of igneous rocks: intrusive and

extrusive.

 There are two types of sedimentary rocks: clastic ,

Non-clastic.
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