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Minggu I – Sifat-sifat gas alam

 Sifat-sifat Gas Alam

• Sifat –sifat gas ideal

• Sifat –sifat gas nyata
• Sifat fisik gas
• Sistem gas kondensat
• Termodinamika
• Contoh
 Jenis-jenis gas alam yang terperangkap/terakumulasi

 Konvensional gas alamtersusun dari

hidrokarbon utama (metana, etana, propana
dan butana) disebut juga gas terlarut, gas
cap, gas kondensat, asosiated gas dan non
asosiated gas.
 Gas di tight sandsreservoir dengan
porosity 5-15%, immobility water saturation
50-70%, permeabilitas 0.001-1 milli darcy.
 Gas di tight shales
 Gas metana yang terperangkap di batubara
 Gas alam dari reservoir geopressured

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Termodinamika:Single-component
system
Two-component system
Two-component system
Multi-component system
 Phase Diagram (Basic Definitions)
Definitions:

Cricondenbar: the pressure

liquid C above which two
Pressure

phases can no longer

exist.

Cricondentherm: the
temperature above which
two phases do not exist
gas
Additional points:

Temperature
 Phase Diagram (Basic Definitions)
Definitions:
Pressure

liquid C 1. Bubble-point line: the point where

the first bubble is formed
during pressure decrease at
constant temperature.

60% 2. Dew-point line: the point where the

80% first liquid drop is formed
100%
40% during pressure increase at
liquid
constant temperature.
(0% gas) 0% liquid
20%
(100%
Note: Pure-component system can be
gas)
regarded as a special case of
two-component system where
two-phase region shrinks to
gas form a line.

Critical point: the point where the

Temperature bubble-point line meets the
dew-point line
Pressure Temperature Plane
Phase Diagram (Basic Concepts)
Single
Single phase
phase Gas
Pressure liquid
C

gas

Temperature
 Basic definitions (cont.)
Path A Path B Definitions:

Retrograde condensation:
liquid C
Pressure

phenomenon that the

dew point line is crossed
(i.e., from gas phase to
liquid) as pressure
decreases rather than
increases.

Because this is the reverse of

normal behaviour, it is
“Retrograde
condensation” called “retro”.

gas

Temperature
Reservoir Classification
 Oil reservoir
 In general
Tres<Tc of
reservoir fluid
 Gas reservoir
 In general,
Tres>Tc of
reservoir fluid
(hydrocarbon
systems)
 Oil Reservoir
 Under-saturated oil
reservoir
 initial reservoir pressure, pi
> the bubble-point
pressure, pb of the reservoir
fluid

 Saturated oil reservoir

 pi = pb

 Gas-cap reservoir or two

phase reservoir
 pi < pb

Note
The appropriate quality
line gives the ratio of
volume of liquid (oil) to
volume of gas
 Gas Reservoir
Dry gas reservoir
 initial reservoir temperature
higher than cricondentherm
temperature (light components)
 even at low pressure (separator)
and temperature, fluid is 100%
gas

 Wet gas reservoir

 initial reservoir temperature
higher than cricondentherm
temperature
 But even at low pressure
(separator) and temperature,
some gas condensate to liquid

 Retrograde gas-condensate
reservoir
 Reservoir temperature lies
between Tc and Tcri (Tc<Tr<Tcr)

 Near critical gas-condensate

 Reservoir temperature is nearly
equal to critical temperature of
fluid (Tr ~Tc)
Dry-gas reservoir
Wet-gas reservoir
Retrograde-gas condensate
reservoir
Volatile-oil reservoir
Black-oil reservoir
 Typical Hydrocarbon Mixture
Compositions (mol %)
Dry Wet Retrograde Volatile Black
Component
Gas Gas Gas Cond. Oil Oil
C1 96.30 88.7 72.7 66.7 52.6
C2 3.00 6.0 10.0 9.0 5.0
C3 0.40 3.0 6.0 6.0 3.5
i-C4 0.07 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.7
n-C4 0.10 0.8 1.5 2.5 1.1
i-C5 0.02 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.4
n-C5 0.02 0.3 1.0 1.2 0.4
C6 0.02 0.2 2.0 2.0 0.9
C7+ 0.00 0.2 5.0 11.0 27.9

plus inorganics: N2, CO2, H2O, H2S

 Field Identification

Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry

Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
Initial <1750 1750 to > 3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
Producing 3200
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
Initial Stock- < 45 > 40 > 40 Up to 70 No
Tank Liquid Liquid
Gravity, API
Color of Stock- Dark Colored Lightly Water No
Tank Liquid Colored White Liquid

*For Engineering Purposes

 Sifat-sifat gas ideal

 Ideal Gas Law

 P=14.7 Psia = 101.325 kPa (SPE uses 100 kPa)
 T=60 0F=520 0F=288.72 0K (SPE uses 288 0K)
 Pada kondisi di atas di sebut gas ideal dan setiap
kondisi gas dikondisikan mendekati suhu dan tekanan
tersebut.
 Pada tekanan rendah, gas mengikuti persamaan Gas
Ideal:

 PV = nRT
 Dimana:
 R = Universal gas constant , 10,732 psia cuft/lb-mole oR
 n = number of moles of the gas = m/M
 m = mass of gas; lb
 M = Molecular weight of gas lbm/lb-mol
 Standard conditions are generally defined as 14.7 psia and 60oF.
 1 mole of any ideal gas at standard conditions occupies a volume of 379
Cu. ft. or 22.4 litres
 Gas Ideal
Persamaan gas ideal diturunkan oleh
kombinasi Charles’ law dan Boyle’s law

𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻

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 Sifat-sifat gas nyata

Persamaan gas ideal umumnya hanya berlaku untuk gas yang

mendekati kondisi atmosfir.
Gas di reservoir terdiri dari berbagai macam komposisi gas dan
tekanan serta temperatur tinggi; sehingga persamaan gas ideal tidak
berlaku lagi.
Persamaan gas nyata merupakan koreksi terhadap persamaan gas
ideal

PV = z n RT.

Dimana
 Sifat fisik gas
 Gas alam merupakan campuran gas dimana unsur
utamanya adalah metana; terdiri dari gas hidrokarbon
dan impurities.
 Impurities adalah gas yang bukan hidrokarbon seperti
: CO2, H2S, N2 dsb
 Sifat fisik gas alam antara lain adalah:
 - Berat Molekul
 - Densitas
 - Specific Gravity
 - Faktor Deviasi gas
 - Viscositas Gas
 - Compressibilitas gas
 - Gas Formation Volume Factor dan Expansion Factor
 - Water Vapor Content
 - Two phase System
 - API Gravity
 - Gas Gravity
 - Z factor
 Berat Molekul gas

 Berat Molekul gas dapat ditentukan berdasarkan

persamaan:

 Ma = Berat molekul gas campuran

 Yi = Fraksi mol gas – i
 Mi = Berat molekul gas –i

 Contoh:

 Berat molekul gas diatas adalah 17.083 lbm/lb-mol.

 Densitas dan Specific Gravity Gas

 Berdasarkan persamaan gas nyata :

 PV = n Z RT ; dimana
 n = m/M

 Jadi PV = m ZRT/M
 Sedangkan densitas adalah m/V; sehingga dari
persamaan diatas :
 Faktor Deviasi Gas, Z

 Pengukuran Z
1. Di laboratorium
2. Grafik korelasi dan persamaan
Pengukuran Z di laboratorium
 Penentuan Z berdasarkan Grafik Korelasi / Persamaan

 Penentuan Z berdasarkan Grafik Korelasi / Persamaan

memerlukan faktor pseudo reduced pressure (Ppr) dan
pseudo reduced temperature (Tpr) .

 Ppr dan Tpr didefinisikan sebagai:

 Sedang Tpc dan Ppc didefinisikan sebagai:

Apabila komposisi gas tidak diketahui, Tpc dan Ppc dapat
ditentukan dari grafik dibawah ini:
Apabila kadar impurities > 5 %
Contoh
Compressibilitas
 Viskositas Gas
 Korelasi yang umum digunakan adalah korelasi Carr,
Kobayashi dan Burrows.
 Contoh:

 Tentukanlah viskositas gas reservoir pada kondisi P = 2500

psia dan T = 180 oF.
 Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)

 The gas formation volume factor (Bg) is defined as

the volume of gas in the reservoir divided by the
volume of gas at standard conditions.

 Bg = (reservoir gas volume)/(standard conditions

gas volume).
Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)
 Komponen Fraksi Mol
C1 0,784
C2 0,028
C3 0,007
i-C4 0,0008
n-C4 0,0005
i-C5 0,0008
n-C5 0,0003
C6 0,0006
N2 0,005
CO2 0,021
H2S 0,152

 Jika Tekanan reservoir = 2900 psia dan Temperatur reservoir =

190 oF; tentukanlah:
 SG, Z, Viskositas Gas, Cg dan Bg
 Dari suatu reservoir gas diketahui SG gas = 0.7 dan
terdapat impurities H2S = 5 % mole dan CO2 = 12 % mole.
 Jika Tekanan reservoir = 2900 psia dan Temperatur
reservoir = 190 oF; tentukanlah:
 SG, Z, Viskositas Gas, Cg dan Bg
Real Gas

PV = Z n RT
Persamaan Van der Walls
 Standard Units of Defined Calorific Values
Barrel of Oil Equivalent (b.o.e.) : a hypothetical “barrel of oil”
with an average heat content of 5.8 x 106 Btu gross.
Ton of Oil Equivalent (t.o.e.) : a hypothetical “ton of oil” with
an average heat content of 43 x 106 Btu gross.
Metric Tonne Coal Equivalent (m.t.c.e.) : a hypothetical “metric
tonne of coal” with an average heat content of 27.337 x 106 Btu
gross, i.e. ( 12,400 Btu/lb x 2204.62 ).

Natural Gas Equivalents of Various Fuels

Std. Fuel Units ft3 Natural Gas m3 Natural Gas
1 b.o.e. 5,800 155.50
1 t.o.e. 43,000 1152.82
1 m.t.c.e. 27,337 732.90
1 ton fuel oil equiv. 41,400 1109.92
 Sistem gas kondensat

Gas kondensat adalah gas yang berada dalam phase gas di reservoir dan terkondensasi
(sebagian berubah menjadi liquid) di separator. Temperatur reservoir di atas
cricondenterm dari campuran hidrokarbon

Single component fluid: multicomponent fluids:

Perhitungan Z faktor untuk Wet Gas
dan Gas Condensat Reservoar

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Assignment - 1

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