LEYTE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

TACLOBAN CITY
 What is measurement?

• It is a collection of
quantitative data.

• It
is made by comparing a
quantity with a standard unit.
Data - each piece is an
individual result of a single
measurement or observation

Result - the outcome of the

experiment
Data and results may be identical,
however usually related to data
are combined to generate a
result.
Units - the basic quantity of
mass, volume or whatever
quantity is being measured

A measurement is useless
without its units.
What is a system of
measurement?
• It is a set of units which can be
used to specify anything which
can be measured and were
historically important, regulated
and defined because of trade and
internal commerce.
Metric System
of
Measurement
(Correctly called "SI")
The Metric system of measurement was
created about two hundred years ago by
a group of French scientists to simplify
measurement.

• In the metric system, each of the

common kinds of measure -- length,
weight, capacity – has one basic unit
of measure.
• To measure smaller amounts,
divide the basic unit into parts of
ten, a hundred, or a thousand,
and so on.

• To measure larger amounts,

multiply the basic unit by ten, a
hundred, or a thousand, and so
on.
 The metric system is a system
of measuring.

 It has three basic units:

m the meter for length
kg the kilogram for mass
s the second for time
EXAMPLES: METER

the length of this guitar

is about 1 meter:
 When unfolded this ruler
measures 2 meters
•
EXAMPLES: KILOGRAM

This gold bar has a

mass of 1 kilogram.
EXAMPLES: KILOGRAM

A dictionary has a
mass of about 1 kilogram.
EXAMPLE: SECOND

1 second is about as long as

it takes to say "one
thousand and one"
 In the Metric System there are
standard ways of talking about
big and small numbers:
"kilo" for a thousand,
"mega" for a million,
and more ...
Prefix for commonly used big and
small numbers:
Name The Number Prefix Symbol

trillion 1,000,000,000,000 tera T

billion 1,000,000,000 giga G
million 1,000,000 mega M
thousand 1,000 kilo k
hundred 100 hecto h
ten 10 deka da
unit 1
tenth 0.1 deci d
hundredth 0.01 centi c
thousandth 0.001 milli m
millionth 0.000 001 micro µ
billionth 0.000 000 001 nano n
trillionth 0.000 000 000 001 pico p
 Just remember for large values (each
one a thousand times bigger):
"kilo mega giga tera"

and for small values (each one a

thousand times smaller):
"milli micro nano pico"
 Some Very Big, and Very Small
Name Numbers
The Number Prefix Symbol

Very Big !

septillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 yotta Y

sextillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 zetta Z

quintillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 exa E

quadrillion 1,000,000,000,000,000 peta P

Very Small !

quadrillionth 0.000 000 000 000 001 femto f

quintillionth 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 atto a

sextillionth 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 zepto z

Here is an illustration of sizes, from
the very small (a Quark) to the very
large (the known Universe).
More interesting facts:
Quarks are very very small.
 Molecules are around the
billionths of a meter in size. That
is 0.000000001 meters. Some
molecules are smaller and some
bigger, though.
 People are a little over a meter tall.
 Mountains are kilometers in size.
More interesting facts:
The Earth is megameters in size (a
megameter is a thousand kilometers, and
the Earth's Diameter is actually 12,000
km).
 A Light Year is about 10 petameters in size
(a petameter is 1,000,000,000,000,000
meters, which is a 1 followed by 15
zeros).
 The Milky Way is about 1 zetameter across
(1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 meters,
which is a 1 followed by 21 zeros./
 The Universe is very very big.
 All Big Numbers We Know
Name As a Power of 10 As a Decimal

Thousand 103 1,000

Million 106 1,000,000
Billion 109 1,000,000,000

Trillion 1012 1,000,000,000,000

Quadrillion 1015 etc ...

Quintillion 1018
Sextillion 1021
Septillion 1024
Octillion 1027

Nonillion 1030

Decillion 1033
Undecillion 1036
Duodecillion 1039
Tredecillion 1042

Quattuordecillion 1045

Quindecillion 1048
Sexdecillion 1051

Septemdecillion 1054

Octodecillion 1057

Novemdecillion 1060

Vigintillion 1063
 All Small Numbers We Know
Name As a Power of 10 As a Decimal

thousandths 10-3 0.001

millionths 10-6 0.000 001
billionths 10-9 0.000 000 001
trillionths 10-12 etc ...
quadrillionths 10-15
quintillionths 10-18
sextillionths 10-21
septillionths 10-24
octillionths 10-27
nonillionths 10-30
decillionths 10-33
undecillionths 10-36

duodecillionths 10-39

tredecillionths 10-42

quattuordecillionths 10-45

quindecillionths 10-48

sexdecillionths 10-51

septemdecillionths 10-54

octodecillionths 10-57
English System
of
Measurement
• The English system of
measurement grew out of the
creative way that people measured
for themselves.

• Familiar objects and parts of the

body were used as measuring
devices. For example, people
measured shorter distances on the
ground with their feet.
• They measured longer distances by
their paces (a "mile" was a
thousand paces).

• They measured capacities with

common household items such as
cups, pails, and baskets.

• The word gallon comes from an old

name for a pail.
•Unfortunately, these creative
measuring devices allowed for
different measurements to be
obtained when different people
measured the same items.

•Eventually, a standard was set so

that all measurements represented
the same amount for everyone.
 Length:
12 inches (in) = 1 foot
(ft)
3 feet = 1 yard (yd) Capacity:
5280 feet = 1 mile (mi) 3 teaspoons (tsp) = 1
tablespoon (tbsp)
16 tbsp = 1 cup (c)
8 ounces (oz) = 1 c
Weight: 2 c = 1 pint (pt)
16 ounces (oz) = 1 2 pt = 1 quart (qt)
pound (lb) 4 qt = 1 gallon (gal)
2000 lb = 1 ton
The Advantages
of the
Metric System
Over the
English System
1. Conversions
• It is much easier to convert measurements
using the metric system, rather than the
English system.

Because the metric system is based on

powers of 10s, switching from meters to
kilometers to centimeters is as simple as
moving the decimal place to the left or
right.
• Withthe English system, a complicated set
of rules governs conversions.

There are three feet in a yard and

5,280 feet in a mile.

One pint is 2 cups, a gallon is 8 pt.

• Instead of moving a decimal, people must

memorize the conversions.
2. Vocabulary
• The metric system has a simple, easy-to-use
vocabulary.

• Each unit of measurement has a base word

(meter for length, gram for weight) and those words
are then given a prefix to show how far away, in
units of ten, the measurement is from the base
word.

For example, "kilo" signifies 1,000 of the base

measurement, meaning 1 km is 1,000 meters.

Conversely, "centi" signifies one-hundredth,

meaning 1 cm is one-hundredth of a meter.
• TheEnglish measurement
vocabulary uses no such
system, so words must just
be memorized along with
their conversion rates .
3. Usage

•The metric system is much more

commonly used throughout the world
than the English system.

• Almost every country uses it. The United

States is one of only a handful of
countries left in the world where the
English measuring system is
predominant.
• Having a worldwide system of measurement
makes many things much easier for
businesses and governments alike, such as
shipping and buying and selling of goods.

• A simple rate could be set for any good sold

with the same measuring system.

• Then, instead of having to convert the weight

of the good between countries, each country
could set its own monetary value accordingly.
4. Origin

• The English system has been around for much

longer than the metric system. But this
seems to be more of a hindrance to it than a
help.

• Influenced by many different cultures, from the

Romans on, the English system is a
hodgepodge of royal decrees.
• For example, after early Tudor rulers declared
one furlong to be 220 yards, Queen Elizabeth
I chose to change the length of a mile from
the original Roman mile of 5,000 feet to
5,280, thus making it an even eight furlongs.

• On the other hand, the metric system was

derived from the French Academy of
Sciences in 1790, and then made compulsory
by France decades later.
• Soon thereafter, its use began to spread
around the globe.

• And though changes have been made to the

system since its derivation, the basic
concept of a base-10 measurement
system remains intact.
Measurement
How large is a millimeter?

The width
of a pin
How large is a centimeter?

The width
of the top
of your
finger
How large is a meter?

About the
width 1 meter
of one &
1/2 doors
How large is a kilometer?

Whitmore
A little over
1 kilometer
1/2 of a
mile Walter
White
How large is a milliliter?

About a
drop of
liquid
How large is a liter?

Half of a
large pop
bottle 1
lite
r
How heavy is a gram?

A paper clip
weighs
about 1
gram
How heavy is a kilogram?

A kitten
weighs
about 1
kilogram
How long is an inch?

A quarter
is about
an inch 1 inch
wide
How long is a foot?

About the
length of
a clipboard 1 foot
How long is a yard?

About the
width of 1 yard
a door
How long is a mile?

Four times
around a
track
 MEASURING
Volume
 Temperature
 Mass
 Reading the Meniscus
• Always read
volume from the
bottom of the
meniscus.

The meniscus is the

curved surface of a
liquid in a narrow
cylindrical
container.
 Try to avoid parallax errors.
Parallax errors arise when a meniscus or needle is
viewed from an angle rather than from straight-
on at eye level.

Incorrect: viewing the Correct: Viewing the

meniscus meniscus
from an angle at eye level
 Graduated Cylinders
The glass cylinder
has etched marks
to indicate
volumes, a pouring
lip, and quite
often, a plastic
bumper to prevent
breakage.
 Measuring Volume
 Determine the volume contained in a
graduated cylinder by reading the bottom
of the meniscus at eye level.

 Read the volume using all certain digits

and one uncertain digit.
 Certain digits are determined from
the calibration marks on the cylinder.

The uncertain digit (the last digit of

the reading) is estimated.
 Use the graduations to find all
certain digits

There are two

unlabeled graduations
below the meniscus,
and each graduation
represents 1 mL, so
the certain digits of
the reading are…
52 mL.
Estimate the uncertain digit and
take a reading
The meniscus is
about eight
tenths of the
way to the next
graduation, so
the final digit in
the reading is
. 0.8 mL
The volume in the graduated cylinder is
52.8 mL.
 10 mL Graduate
What is the volume of liquid in the
graduate?

6 6_
_ . _ 2 mL
 25mL graduated cylinder
What is the volume of liquid in the
graduate?

1
_1 5 mL
_ . _
 100mL graduated cylinder
What is the volume of liquid in the
graduate?

5
_2 7 mL
_ . _
 Self Test
Examine the meniscus below and
determine the volume of liquid contained
in the graduated cylinder.

The cylinder contains:

7
_6_ . 0
_ mL
 The Thermometer
o Determine the
temperature by reading
the scale on the
thermometer at eye
level.
o Read the temperature
by using all certain
digits and one uncertain
digit.
o Certain digits are determined from the calibration
marks on the thermometer.
o The uncertain digit (the last digit of the reading) is
estimated.
o On most thermometers encountered in a general
chemistry lab, the tenths place is the uncertain digit.
 Do not allow the tip to touch the
walls or the bottom of the flask.
If the thermometer
bulb touches the flask,
the temperature of the
glass will be measured
instead of the
temperature of the
solution. Readings may
be incorrect,
particularly if the flask
is on a hotplate or in
an ice bath.
 Reading the Thermometer
Determine the readings as shown below on
Celsius thermometers:

8 _
_ 7. _
4 C 3
_5 0 C
_ . _
 Measuring Mass - The Beam
Balance

Our balances have 4 beams – the uncertain digit is

the thousandths place ( _ _ _ . _ _ X)
 Balance Rules
In order to protect the balances and ensure
accurate results, a number of rules should be
followed:
 Always check that the balance is level and
zeroed before using it.

 Never weigh directly on the balance pan.

Always use a piece of weighing paper to protect
it.

 Do not weigh hot or cold objects.

 Clean up any spills around the balance

immediately.
Mass and Significant Figures
o Determine the mass by reading the riders on
the beams at eye level.

o Read the mass by using all certain digits and

one uncertain digit.

oThe uncertain digit (the last

digit of the reading) is
estimated.

o On our balances, the

thousandths place is
uncertain.
Determining Mass
1. Place
object on pan
2. Move
riders along
beam,
starting with
the largest,
until the
pointer is at
the zero
mark.
Check to see that the balance
scale is at zero
1
_ 1
_ 4
_ . _? _? ?_

Read Mass
1
_ 1
_ 4
_ . 4
_ 9
_ 7
_

Read Mass More Closely