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By
Dr. Rifaat Abdel Wahaab
Professor of Environmental Science,
Sector Head, Research and Development (R
& D),
Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
(HCWW),
Cairo, Egypt.
Presentation Outline
4670 Villages
30,000 Settlements 3
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
General Principles
Biogas definition
• Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure,
Bacterial
Organic waste Bacterial H2 , CO2,
mass
acetic acid
Carbohydrates mass
Fats
Methan
Protein
Bacterial + CO2
Water
Propionic acid mass
Butyric acid H2 , CO2
Alcohols, acetic acid
Other components
Biogas history
• In 1776 Alessandro Volta personally collected gas from the Lake Como to
examine it. His findings showed that the formation of the gas depends on a
fermentation process and that the gas may form an explosive mixture with
air.
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
• The English physicist Faraday also performed some experiments with marsh
• Around the year 1800, Dalton, Henry, and Davy first described the chemical
structure of methane
Avogadro in 1821.
• Louis Pasteur tried in 1884 to produce biogas from horse dung collected from Paris
roads. Together with his student Gavon he managed to produce 100 L methane from
1 m 3 dung fermented at 35 °C
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
• in 1897 the street lamps of Exeter started running on gas from waste water
• In 1904 Travis tried to implement a two -step process which combined the purification
• In 1906 Sohngen accumulated acetate in a two -step process. He found that methane
was formed from three basic materials: formate plus hydrogen plus carbon dioxide.
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
automobiles.
• in Stuttgart in 1949 (Stuttgart) the addition of fat after fat separation enabled the yield
of biogas to be increased
• Around the same time (1930 – 1940) the idea came up to use agricultural waste to
produce biogas. Buswell ’ s target was to provide the whole amount of gas consumed
• In parallel, Ducellier and Isman started building simple biogas machines in Algeria to supply
small farmhouses with energy. This idea was brought to France, and many people installed their
• Around 1945, only Germany started using agricultural products to produce biogas. Imhoff again
was leading. In 1947 he claimed that the excrement of one cow delivered 100 times more
• The first small biogas plant with a horizontal cylindrical vessel for fermentation was developed in Darmstadt,
and in 1950 the first larger biogas plant was inaugurated in Celle. In total, about 50 plants were installed
• in 1950, Barker detected the methane - forming bacteria Methanosarcina and Formicicum methanobacterium (
fundamental research )
• in 1967 , Bryant indicated that methane - forming microbial cultures consisted of a minimum of 2kinds of
bacteria. One type responsible for converting ethanol to acetate and hydrogen, and the other for forming
methane via chemical reaction of carbon dioxide and the free hydrogen ( today they are 4 kinds )
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
Biogas In Germany
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
• 1955 the importance of biogas was significantly reduced, as biogas was not profitable any
longer due to an excess of oil and in 1959 all Biogas plats were shutdown except 2
• In 1970 and later and because of the oil crisis in the world the Biogas industry started again The
Biogas Production
Biogas production
Answer
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
– Temperature
– Retention Time
– pH-level
– Carbon/Nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio)
– Proportion of dry matter in substrate = suitable viscosity
– Agitation (mixing) of the substrate
If any one of these determinants is outside acceptable range, the digestion may be
inhibited
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
Turovskiy, 2006
bad sludge settleability→ high
solid content in the effluent →
recirculation of the effluent
• Not used any more, due to higher
capital costs
38
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
39
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
Bischoffsberger, 2005
– Process more sensitive to temperature
variations
– Better solids, bacteria destruction and
sludge settleability than mesophilic
– Higher energy requirements, less stable,
poorer supernatant quality due to dissolved
solids
40
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
Recommendation:
Mix different substrates
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
Nitrogen inhibition
However, excessive stirring disturbs the symbiotic relationship between the different bacteria
species
Mechanical mixing
External pumping
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
Gas injection
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
GAWTP―Background
GAWTP Background-Continue...
GAWWTP
Greenhouse Gas ―Generation and Management
Biogas production average = 90,000 m3/day
About 60,300 m3 CH4/day
Methane captured provides ~12 MW
More than 60 % of the plant’s energy requirements is
covered (45 million EGP /year, operation cost recovery)
More than 400,000 tonne CO2e/year , contribution to GHGs
depletion
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي
Conclusion
Sludge management in Egypt is not an option but a necessity
Efficient use of biogas from sludge anaerobic digestion is
considered a potential of operational cost recovery.
Sludge biogas is very attractive source of green energy
through:
Reducing GHG and, consequently climate change impacts;
A vital solution for the current energy shortage in Egypt, that
minimizing the use of fossil fuel.
Sludge is an effective low-cost replacement for chemical
fertilizers , new land reclamation & desert soils conditioners.
الشــركة القــابضــة لـميـاه الـشـرب والـصـرف الـصـح ــي