Transportation in

Buildings
1. Vertical
2. Inclined
3. Horizontal
Based on elevator hoist mechanisms technology modern
elevator can •be classified as :
* Traction elevators
* Geared Type
* Gearless Type
•Hydraulic type
* Piston type
* Holeless type
* Rope type

* Climbing elevator
* Stair Elevator
* Sky Elevator Shuttles
Types of Transportations

1. Lifts (Elevators) – Vertical

2 . Escalators- - Inclined

1. Travelators - Horizontal

Types of Lifts

1. Passenger Lift
2. Freight (Goods) Lifts
3. Hospital (Bed) Lifts
4. Service Lift (Dumb- Waiter)
ELEVATOR CONTROL FUNCTIONS

Elevator parking function (it automatically returns to the

programmed floor)
Elevator fire alarm function (in case of fire alarm it automatically
lands to the ground floor and
opens the doors)
Use of elevator in case of fire alarm (a mechanical key that has to be
used by firemen when operating the elevator)
It is possible with a key or an electronic card to block floor buttons in
the elevator cabin.
Elevator VIP function (Elevator accepts only the calls made from
inside of the elevator cabin)
Elevator calls at the stop points using an electronic card
Elevator control group
Elevator computer control using elevator control software
Lift Control

Full Collective System

The Full Collective Control System uses logic to collect the Passenger
while travelling in both up and down directions thereby reducing
power consumption and waiting time. The Control system along with
VVVF Drives reduces power consumption by upto 40% and also saves
time.

Down Collective System

The Down Collective system uses logic to collect the Passenger while
travelling in the down direction thereby reducing power consumption
and waiting time. The Controller along with VVVF Drives reduces
power consumption by upto 30% and also saves waiting time.
Duplex System

This system is applicable where two lifts are next to each other. Duplex
System is available in full Collective Control System and uses logic to
dispatch nearest lift in the direction of travel to collect the waiting
Passenger thereby reducing power consumption and waiting time. This
Control system along with VVVF Drives reduces power consumption by
upto 40% and also saves time.

Group Control System

This system is applicable where upto 8 Lifts are close to each other in
the same Building. A separate control system is required and is fitted
with the control system. This System uses logic to dispatch nearest lift in
the direction of travel to collect the waiting Passenger thereby reducing
power consumption and waiting time. This Control system along with
VVVF Drives reduces power consumption by upto 40% and also saves
time.
Passenger
Lifts
Home Elevator Front Opening
 Goods (Freight or
Passenger Cum Freight
Elevator)
These lifts may be :
1) Freight Elevator
2) Passenger cum Freight Elevator
3) Automobile Elevator
4) Service lift
Freight elevators

A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to

carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are
generally required to display a written notice in the car
that the use by passengers is prohibited (though not
necessarily illegal), though certain freight elevators allow
dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. Freight
elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying
heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from
2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight elevators may have manually
operated doors, and often have rugged interior finishes to
prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although
hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more
energy efficient for the work of freight lifting.
 Freight Elevators

Freight elevators are almost always outdoor elevators even

though some smaller versions are designed for indoor use
such as those used in warehouses. They are most often
extremely heavy-duty and can facilitate a great amount of
weight. This type of elevator can either be on an incline or
vertical, but will most often be industrial grade to
accommodate those heavy loads. In fact, the first type of
elevator which comes to mind when thinking of outdoor
elevators is actually freight elevators.
Dimensions for Goods Lift
 Automobile Elevators are
the Best Method to
Transfer Vehicles from
Floor to Floor.
Height : Upto 40 M
Travel Speeds : 0.32 Mps /
0.65 Mps
Carrying Capacity : Upto
5000 Kgs

This is the most popular type for car lifting requirements especially for
architectural projects where car parking has been designed within the
basement floors of the buildings or Above the Street Level. The Lift
may also be used in a Car Showroom to take cars to Different Floors or
to carry Cars to the Different Floors for Display, Repair or Fitting of
Accessories
Hospital Bed Elevator
As per National Building Code 2005
Dimensions for Dumb Waiters
Dumbwaiters Carry food and plates from Kitchen to Room, kitchen to
kitchen or from kitchen to the place of serving.

The cabin and the doors of all the dumbwaiters are manufactured
using Stainless Steel. The vertical bi-parting doors are well suited to
optimize the space utilization.

The Dumbwaiter travel so smoothly that each time it travels you can
ensure no damage to your valuable crockery.
Commercial Dumbwaiter

They are economic solution for moving material from

floor to floor in a multi-level commercial environment.
They can carry loads up to 750 lbs.
Commercial Dumbwaiter used to Save manpower, save
space, save time, save energy and help avoid workplace
injuries.

Typical materials handled in a commercial environment

can be Food, Dishes & Cutlery, Documents, Clothing, Carts
or Shoes.
Commercial Dumb Waiters :Types of Loading Methods
Famous Lift Manufacturer

1. Otis Elevator
2. Scheindler
3. Tyssen Crupp
4. Kone Elevator
5. Hitachi
6. Jonsons
7. Fusitec
8. Mitsubishi
9. Kinetic Hyundai
10. Omega
Regenerative Drive
The Regenerative drive is the latest upgrade which enables power
generation during stopping of the elevator. Unlike the conventional
drives which heat a resistor while dynamic braking, regenerative drive
generates useful power which can be used by other lifts, electrical
equipment or also can be fed back to the grid. This ensures efficient
braking of the elevator. The power generated by this drive has very low
harmonic distortion.

This Regenerative drive also offers multiple protection functions such as

over current & short circuit protection, over temperature protection and
also abnormal power voltage protection.
How does it work?
•When the lift travels up with a light load or travels down with a heavy
load it generates energy.
•The regenerative drive recovers this energy and converts it into
electricity for re-use in other plants or returned to grid.
Figure 3. A comparison of energy consumptions among different elevator systems.
(Source:http://www.otisworldwide.com).
Other Types of Lifts
Hydraulic Elevators
The hydraulic elevators are typically have no counterweight, are the
most inefficient and consumes an amount of energy three times
greater than an electric elevator. The energy is dissipated as heat when
it goes down. Hydraulic elevators traveling at low speeds, typically less
than 1 m / s. The maximum stroke for this type of plant is about 20 m.
This is due to the fact that increasing the height of travel, the pistons of
larger diameter should be used to withstand the greater forces of
instability. This increases the cost of the equipment that makes the
systems less attractive.
Hydraulic elevators are supported by a
piston at the bottom of the elevator
that pushes the elevator up as an
electric motor forces oil or another
hydraulic fluid into the piston. The
elevator descends as a valve releases
the fluid from the piston. They are
used for low-rise applications of 2-8
stories and travel at a maximum speed
of 200 feet per minute. The machine
room for hydraulic elevators is located
at the lowest level adjacent to the
elevator shaft.
Conventional Hydraulic Elevators have a sheave that extends below the
floor of the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the
elevator descends. Some configurations have a telescoping piston that
collapses and requires a shallower hole below the pit. Max travel
distance is approximately 60 feet.
Roped Hydraulic Elevators use a combination of ropes and a piston to
move the elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.
Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost and their ongoing
maintenance costs are lower compared to the other elevator types.
However, hydraulic elevators use more energy than other types of
elevators because the electric motor works against gravity as it forces
hydraulic fluid into the piston. A major drawback of hydraulic elevators
is that the hydraulic fluid can sometimes leak, which can cause a serious
environmental hazard. The environmental risk and high energy use are
two main reasons that hydraulic elevators are not being installed as
often as in the past.
Roped Hydraulic Elevators use a combination of ropes and a piston to move the
elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.
Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost and their ongoing maintenance costs are lower
compared to the other elevator types. However, hydraulic elevators use more energy than
other types of elevators because the electric motor works against gravity as it forces
hydraulic fluid into the piston. A major drawback of hydraulic elevators is that the hydraulic
fluid can sometimes leak, which can cause a serious environmental hazard. The
environmental risk and high energy use are two main reasons that hydraulic elevators are
not being installed as often as in the past.
Elevator hoistway (Lift shaft or well):

The elevator hoistway is truly the forgotten section of any building.

More often than not, the elevator hoistways are dirty and forgotten.

This portion of the building includes the elevator pit, which can include
dampness or even water ingress and, of course, dirt, debris, garbage,
and personal effects, such as money, credit cards and lost keys. Hoistway
maintenance must also include the car top and even the underneath of
the elevator car, where, with cable elevators, a key component of the
elevator safety mechanism is located. Dirt and debris gathers behind the
doors, all hidden and out of sight and out of mind.
Consider the elevator operation for one minute. The elevator goes up
and down, often nonstop. It sucks the air in from floors and then blows
the air out at other floors in both the up and down directions.
Lift entrance and Architrave
Lift Architrave or Facia
Lift wells

Lift wells should be constructed to be weatherproof and of a dust

free surface material or should be painted to minimize dust
circulation on to moving apparatus and from being pumped by the
car movement into machine rooms or on to landings.

Sufficient number of light points should be provided in the lift shaft

for proper illumination.
Lift Machine Room:
Make sure the machine room is code-compliant and meets all local and
national jurisdiction building code requirements. The machine room
must also include an operational fire extinguisher. Check to ensure that
the service provider/contractor has installed an industrial parts cabinet,
industrial standard fire-rated garbage can, and fire-rated containers for
clean and dirty cleaning cloths.
Ensure the machine room has adequate cross ventilation with filters on
the air intake and a heater for cold climatic conditions. If necessary, seek
advice from a professional HVAC expert. The machine room door must
be self-closing and lockable with a specific key to prevent unauthorized
entry. It must also have appropriate signage – Authorized Personnel
Only and No Unauthorized Goods to Be Stored. Remember, the elevator
machine room is not for storage.
Ensure that proper lighting is installed for both the elevator controller
and the machinery. Emergency lighting in case of power outages is
advisable and an emergency telephone is recommended for all machine
rooms.
Floors shall be designed to carry a load of not less than 350
kg/m2 over the whole area and also any load which may be
imposed thereon by the equipment used in the machine
room or by any reaction from any such equipment both
during periods of normal operation and repair.

The side wall of the lift well may be made of reinforced

cement concrete at least 150 mm thick so as to provide
satisfactory anchoring arrangement for fixing.

The angle of inclination of the stair leading to machine room

shall not exceed 50° from the horizontal and the clear width
of the stair shall be not less than 600 mm.
Machine-Room-Less Technology
Introduced in the mid-1990s, machine-room-less (MRL)
technology was one of the biggest advances in elevator
design since they went electric a century before.
Miniaturization has made it feasible to house the MRL
machinery right in the elevator shaft rather than in a costly
rooftop machine room. Incorporating a gearless traction
design, MRL elevators in some cases can use up to 80% less
energy than hydraulic lifts, without the expense and
environmental headaches of oil-filled underground hydraulic
cylinders.
Machine Room-less (MRL) elevators

Machine room-less elevators are designed so that most of the

components fit within the shaft containing the elevator car; and a
small cabinet houses the elevator controller. Other than the
machinery being in the hoistway, the equipment is similar to a normal
traction elevator. The benefits are:
 creates more usable space
 use less energy (70-80% less than hydraulic elevators)
 uses no oil
 all components are above ground similar to roped hydraulic type
elevators (this takes away the environmental concern that was created
by the hydraulic cylinder on direct hydraulic type elevators being
stored underground)
 slightly lower cost than other elevators
 can operate at faster speeds than hydraulics but not normal
traction units.
- Flat Roof
KONE, Inc. introduced the first MRL elevator and places so
much stock in the technology that the company
discontinued manufacturing hydraulic elevators altogether.
Its EcoSpace MRL elevator design incorporates a low-
friction, gearless hoisting apparatus that prevents wear and
reduces energy consumption by half compared to a geared
system.

A machine-room-less elevator system by Otis, the Gen2

system, is scalable to save energy in a range of building
heights. It too aspires to 50% energy reduction over earlier
systems, with the added green bonus of lubrication-free
operation thanks to polyurethane coated-steel belts,
gearless machine, and roller guides.
Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction
elevators that do not have a dedicated
machine room above the elevator
shaft. The machine sits in the override
space and is accessed from the top of the
elevator cab when maintenance or repairs
are required. The control boxes are located
in a control room that is adjacent to the
elevator shaft on the highest landing and
within around 150 feet of the machine.
Machine-room-less elevators have a
maximum travel distance of up to 250 feet
and can travel at speeds up to 500 feet-per-
minute. MRL elevators are comparable to
geared traction elevators in terms of initial
and maintenance costs, but they have
relatively low energy consumption
compared to geared elevators.
Machine Room Less (MRL)
Detriments

Equipment can be harder to service and maintain.

No code has been approved for the installation of residential
elevator equipment.
Green Technologies in Lift Installations
Some estimates project that buildings consume about
40% of the world's energy, and elevators account for
between 2% and 10% of a building's energy use. The
leading elevator manufacturers are rising up to get those
numbers down.
Architects Mistake
The 47-story luxury In Tempo tower in Benidorm, Spain was hyped as
the tallest residential building in the European Union. with its 47 stories
soaring 188 meters (677 feet).The architects forgot to put enough shaft
for lift.The now notorious mishap was caused by a mixture of greed and
incompetence. The In Tempo building was originally planned to have
only 20 stories. Wanting more tenants and buyers, the client asked that
the building be enlarged. So the architect simply added 27 stories --
without adapting the elevator shaft and lifting machinery accordingly.
Unbelievably, the oversight supposedly wasn't spotted until January
2012 when the building was already 110 meters tall.

The lifting mechanism that was originally installed for the building had
been designed to serve exactly 20 floors. When the decision was made
to add the extra stories, the architect simply extended the existing shaft
but failed to consider the fact that more stories would also mean more
use or that the space would not be sufficient for the necessary amount
of additional lifting equipment.
Lift Architrave or Facia
Provision for Physically Challenged Person

Braille Inscription in the Car Control

Ramp for wheel chair
Aesthetics and Economy