ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY

DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
(OFDM)
BY:
Milliona Mehari
Yosef weldegebreil
Muse Tueum
Mahlet zenebe
Tamrat belay

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

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Out line
• Introduction to OFDM

• Characteristics and principles of OFDM

• Guard interval for elimination of ISI

• Advantages and disadvantages of OFDM

• OFDM applications

• Efficiency of OFDM

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Introduction to OFDM
• method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies

• Each sub-carrier is modulated at a low symbol rate

• main advantage of OFDM is its ability to cope with severe channel

conditions without complex equalization filters

• The low symbol rate makes the use of guard interval between symbols
affordable
12/18/2018 3
Out line
• Introduction to OFDM

• Characteristics and principles of OFDM

• Guard interval for elimination of ISI

• Advantages and disadvantages of OFDM

• OFDM applications

• Efficiency of OFDM

12/18/2018 4
Characteristics and principles of OFDM
• all subcarrier signals within a communication channel are orthogonal to one
another
• eliminated cross-talk
• OFDM –combination of modulation and multiplexing
• The basic principles of OFDM is to split high rate data stream in to a
number of lower rate streams. A simple example can be seen by this:

• FDM OFDM Fig of different between OFDM and OFDM

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12/18/2018 6
Cont’d
• Orthogonality sub carrier spacing-k/ TU Hertz
• The total pass band bandwidth ,B ≈ N·Δf (Hz)
• allows high spectral efficiency, with a total symbol rate near the
Nyquist rate
• OFDM requires very accurate frequency synchronization
• Frequency offsets are typically caused by mismatched transmitter
and receiver oscillators, or by Doppler shift due to movement

12/18/2018 7
Out line
• Introduction to OFDM

• Characteristics and principles of OFDM

• Guard interval for elimination of ISI

• Advantages and disadvantages of OFDM

• OFDM applications

• Efficiency of OFDM
12/18/2018 8
Guard interval for elimination of ISI
• One key principle of OFDM is that since low symbol rate modulation
schemes suffer less from inter symbol interference caused by multi
path propagation
• it is advantageous to transmit a number of low-rate streams in parallel
instead of a single high-rate stream.
• it is possible to insert a guard interval between the OFDM symbols,
thus eliminating the inter symbol interference.
• The guard interval also eliminates the need for a pulse-shaping filter,
and it reduces the sensitivity to time synchronization problems.

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cont’d

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Cont’d
• Guard interval and cyclic extension
• Two different source of interference can be identified in the OFDM
system
• Intersymbol interference is defined as the cross talk between signals
within the same sub channel of consecutive FFT frames, which are
separated in time by the signaling interval T.
• Inter carrier interference is the cross talk between adjacent channel.
• ISI is eliminated by introducing guard band
• ICI is eliminated by circularized extended in the guard interval

12/18/2018 11
 Out line
• Introduction to OFDM

• Characteristics and principles of OFDM

• Guard interval for elimination of ISI

• Advantages and dis advantages of OFDM

• OFDM applications

• Efficiency of OFDM
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Advantages of OFDM
Immunity to selective fading
Resilience to interference
Spectrum efficiency
Resilient to ISI
Resilient to narrow band affects
Simpler channel equalization

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Disadvantages of OFDM
High PAPR

Sensitive to carrier offset & drift

12/18/2018 14
Out line
• Introduction to OFDM

• Characteristics and principles of OFDM

• Guard interval for elimination of ISI

• Key feature

• OFDM applications

• Efficiency of OFDM
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applications
A, ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
• is a transmission system capable of realizing rates from 1 to several
Mb/s over existing telephone lines.
• Is asymmetric high-speed downstream & lower-speed upstream
• solve speed limitations caused by line length and crosstalk.
• Has three modulation techniques.
 1, DMT
• divides the line into many small channels
• modulates each one based on its capacity for a given line.
• Uses FDM arrangement to remove bandwidth needed for upstream.
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Cont’d
2, SCM
• Has the best combination of bandwidth efficiency, performance in the
presence of noise, and timing robustness.
 3, MCM
• multiple channels are realized with digital techniques using a fast Fourier
transform (FFT).
B, Wireless LAN standards
• WLANs support broadband multimedia communication are developed and
standardized. Standards include;
 802.11a, defined by the IEEE
 HIPERLAN/2 defined by ETSI BRAN and
HiSWANa defined by (MMAC).
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Cont’d

• The physical (PHY) layers of these standards support multiple

transmission modes
• All the three standards select OFDM as their PHY standards.
 1, IEEE 802.11a
• it uses a distributed MAC protocol based on (CSMA/CA) protocol.
Which makes IEEE 802.11a more suitable for;
 ad hoc networking
non-real-time applications
Supporting variable length packets
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Cont’d
2, HIPERLAN/2
• medium access is based on a TDMA/TDD approach using a centralized scheduled
MAC.
• Employs fixed length packets and
• Designed to provide quality of service support for wireless indoor LAN for;
many multimedia &
real-time applications
3, HiSWANa
• standardization of MMAC systems which includes:-
ultra-high-speed indoor WLANs supporting large volume data transmission &
high-speed wireless access in the super-high frequency (SHF) band

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Out line
• Introduction to OFDM

• Characteristics and principles of OFDM

• Guard interval for elimination of ISI

• Key feature

• OFDM applications

• Efficiency of OFDM
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Efficiency of OFDM
• The performance of any communication system can be measured in
terms of its power efficiency and bandwidth efficiency.

power efficiency
• describes the ability of communication system to preserve bit error
rate (BER) of the transmitted signal at low power levels.

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Cont’d
Bandwidth efficiency
• the throughput data rate per Hertz in a given bandwidth.
• reflects how efficiently the allocated bandwidth is utilized

• There is saving of bandwidth by using Multicarrier modulation with

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing .
• The bandwidth for multicarrier system is less hence bandwidth
efficiency of multicarrier system is larger

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