POWER POINT PRESENTATION

ON
HYDROGEN BONDING
 A hydrogen bond is the attractive force between
thehydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of
one molecule and an electronegative atom of a
different molecule. Usually the electronegative atom is
oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine, which has a partial
negative charge.
 Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
• 41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
• 930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)
Generally, intermolecular forces are much weaker than
intramolecular forces.
“Measure” of intermolecular force
boiling point
melting point
DHvap
DHfus 11.2
 Types of Intermolecular Forces

2. Ion-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule

Ion-Dipole Interaction

11.2
11.2
 Types of Intermolecular Forces

3. Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between polar molecules

Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid

11.2
Covalent Bond and Ionic Bond
Ionic bond: electron transfer
Covalent bond: electron sharing
Sodium Chloride: ionic bond formation
The geometry of covalent bonds
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
4. Dispersion Forces – van der Walls forces/London forces
(weakest)
Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary
dipoles induced in atoms or molecules

ion-induced dipole interaction

dipole-induced dipole interaction

11.2
Early evidence of hydrogen bonding

11.2
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
1. Hydrogen Bond (strongest)
The hydrogen bond is a special dipole-dipole interaction
between the hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond
and an electronegative O, N, or F atom. IT IS NOT A BOND.
A H…B or A H…A
A & B are N, O, or F

11.2
 Hydrogen Bond

11.2
 The strongest H-bonds are linear

Hydrogen bonds are directional, with the strongest bonds formed

when the –D––H•••A– atoms are arranged linearly. The histogram
below shows the distribution of hydrogen bond angles in crystal
structures of small molecules.
 H-bonds direction, lengths, angles,
and strength
•H-bond possesses direction and is generally asymmetric
•Bond strength depends on angle and length
•Small changes from linearity (20º) have minor effect in strength
•H-bond strength, on the other hand,decreases exponentially with distance
•There is a tradeoff between H-bond and covalent bond strength
•stronger the H····O bond, the weaker the O-H covalent bond,
and shorter the O····O distance
•Weakening of the covalent bond is a good indicator of strengthening of H-
bond energy
•Cooperativity and anti-cooperativity in H-bonding
Hydrogen bonding in water
• H-bond partly electrostatic (90%), partly covalent (10%)
• Approximated by the following bonds:
• a (A-H B); b (A- H+---B: ionic); c (A- H----B+: covalent); d (A+ H-
---B: ionic); e (H- A---B+: covalent)
•  = a +b +c +d +e
• X-Ray spectroscopic evidence suggests that these interactions shift
within a femtosecond
• Nuclear quantum effects strengthen the H-bond by increasing the dipole
moment
– Donor hydrogen stretches away from its oxygen
– Acceptor lone-pair stretches away from it oxygen
– Both oxygens being pulled towards each other

Cute Movie:
http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.html
 How would you calculate the strength
of an H-bond?
• Between 3 and 9 kcal/mol
• Dissociation rate constants of 4 X 1010 to 2 X 106 s-1 from transition
state theory

R-O-H-----ORH ROH + ROH

Keq = [ROH]2/ [R-O-H-----ORH]

If Keq=1, DG=0; if Keq= 10, DG=1.3 kcal/mol, if Keq= 100, then DG= 2.6 kcal/mol

•But it is more complicated than this

for biological systems in water
 Different types of H-bonds

• Common elements that form H-bonds

– S, O, N, F
• CH H-bond
RHO----RCOH+COR’
• -cation interaction
Low Barrier Hydrogen bonds (LBHB)

• H-bond strength depends on its length, linearity, microenvironment, and

the pKa values of the the H sharing components
• H-bonds in water are relatively weak because of pKa mismatch between
H3O+ (-1.7) and H2O (15.7)
– The proton in the structure is tightly associated with the OH- as a water
molecule
• In gas phase, dielectric constant is low
– Hydrogen bonds between heteroatoms with matched pKa values can be 
2.5 Å and very strong (25-30 kcal/mol)
 H-bonds in Proteins

I. H-bonds contributing to structure and folding

II. H-bonds contributing to catalysis

 • i+4, i+3, i+5 -helix

• Dipole moment
• + charge at N-terminii, -
charge at COOH
• Negative molecules (PO42-
groups) bind at N-terminii
 -sheets
Antiparallel -sheets

•10-14 atoms in a ring

•H-bonds linear.

Parallel -sheets

•12 atoms in a ring

•H-bonds not 180
 THANK YOU

Presented by :
Aashutosh chauhan
Class- xi”A”