Chapter-2

Innovations & Inventions in

Computer Science & Engineering/
Information Technology CST-156

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEEERING

University Institute of Applied Science
 COURSE OBJECTIVE

1. Learning about difference between product and

service innovation
2. Gathering information about innovations in
product and service innovation

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Product and Service based Innovations

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Q) When did the evolution of IT begin?
Ans : The evolution of IT began in the 1970s.

Topics for the Evolution of Information Technology (IT) are listed below:

I. Evolution Of Computers - talks about changes in hardware technologies.

 Evolution of Computing Devices
 The Generation of Computers

II. Evolution Of Storage And Display Technologies - talks about changes in

enabling technologies.

III. Evolution Of Software - talks about the changes in software over time.
 Evolution of Operating Systems
 Evolution of Programming Language
 Evolution of Software Applications

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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

 Evolution of Computing Devices

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 Abacus
• Developed around 3000 years BC by
the Mesopotamians and later improved
3000 BC • by Chinese.
An abacus consists of beads divided
into two parts which are movable on
the rods of the two parts.
• Addition and multiplication etc. of
numbers is done by using the place
value of the digits of the numbers and
Napier’s ‘Logs’ and position of beads in the abacus.
‘Bones’
1550 • Also called Napier’s rods, are
to numbered rods (10 in total)
1617 which can be used to perform
multiplication of any number
by a number 2-9.
• For example, to multiply 6 by
58, the index bone is placed
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beside the 5 and 8 bones.
Blaise Pascal’s Adding
Machine (1642)
• A machine made up of gears
which were used for adding
numbers quickly.
• It consisted of numbered toothed
wheels having unique position
values. The rotation of wheels
controlled the addition and
subtraction operations.
• This machine was capable of
carry-transfer automatically.

Leibnitz Calculator (1671)

Gottfried Leibnitz, a German
mathematician, improved the adding
machine and constructed a new machine
that was able to perform multiplication and
division as well.
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 Jacquard’s Loom (1801)
• Joseph Jacquard manufactured punched
cards and used them to control looms
in.
• Thus the entire control weaving
process was automatic. The entire
operation was under a program’s
control.
• With the historic invention of
punched cards, the era of storing and
retrieving information started that
greatly influenced the later inventions
and advancements.
(1822) Babbage’s Difference Engine
• Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics,
developed Difference Engine machine to
calculate logarithmic tables to a high degree of
precision.
• The difference engine was made to calculate
various mathematical functions such as
polynomial evaluation by finite difference.

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 Analytical Engine
• Charles Babbage designed an Analytical Engine, a general-
purpose machine, a real ancestor of the modern day computer.
1833 The Analytical Engine was mainly in Conceptual phase and was
never completed in form of a real machine.
• Analytical Engine was capable of performing different functions
based on programming; came up with important concepts like
central processor, storage area, memory, input-output
devices and two major innovations like comparisons and
modification of stored information.

First Program (1834)

• Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace(Daughter of poet Lord Byran)

impressed with the concept of the Analytical Engine created plans
for how the machine could calculate Bernoulli numbers.
• This is regarded as the first “computer program,” and she is the
first “programmer.”
 The US Department of Defense named a language Ada in her
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honour in 1979.
Hollerith’s Machine (1887)
• Herman Hollerith(1869-1926) fabricated what was
dreamt of by Charles Babbage.
• He fabricated the first electromechanical punched-card
tabulator that used punched cards for input, output and
instructions.
• This machine was used by American Department of
Census to compile their 1880 census data and was able
to complete compilation in 3 years which earlier used to
take around 10 years.
• Later Hollerith founded a company that became
International Business Machines(IBM) to market the
technology.
(1939) First Electronic Computer
• The prototype of first electronic computer was assembled by John Atansoff and
Cliford Barry, which was completed in 1942 using 300 vacuum tubes.
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• John Atansoff came up with the concept of using binary numbers, which is still in
 Mark-I (1943)

Prof. Howard Aiken constructed Mark-I, an automatic, general purpose electro-mechanical

computer, which could multiply two 10-digit numbers in 5 seconds – a record at that time.

(1946) ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

• Developed by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, ENIAC was made up of 18,000 vacuum
tubes and occupied a 30 * 50 feet room.
• Programming was done by plugging wires into a patch panel and was 5000 times faster
than the Howard MARK-I.

(1946) John van Neumann Architecture- Stored- Programming Concept

Dr. John van Neumann suggested the pioneer stored program concept that proposed:
(i) Data and instructions are stored in a single read-write memory.
(ii) The memory contents are addressable by locations
(iii) Execution takes place in a sequential fashion i.e., from one instruction to the next unless
modified explicitly.

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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

 The Generation of Computers

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FIRST GENERATION (1940-1956) – Vacuum Tubes
Key Features Remarks
 Big and clumsy computers that used  Very large space requirement
vacuum tubes  High electricity consumption.
 Not very reliable as Electric failure  Generated lot of heat.
occurred regularly.  Slow operating speed
 Large air conditioners were necessary  Restricted computing capacity
because the computers generated lot  Limited programming capabilities
of heat.
 Used stored program concept
 Programming in machine language
Input and output devices: Either No Memory Type : Magnetic Drums
Input Devices (Hardware programs ) or Storage: Punched cards and paper Tapes
Control Panel with Switches (used in
UNIVAC)

Major computers : ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator), EDVAC (Electronic
Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), EDSAC( Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer),
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Remington Rand)OF ENGINEEERING
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SECOND GENERATION (1956-1963)-
Transistors
The creation of transistor sparked the production of a wave of
second generation computer. Transistor was a small device used
to transfer the electronic signals across a resistor . Transistors
had many advantages compared to vacuum tubes.
Key Features Remarks
• Transistor replaced vacuum tubes.  Not General –purpose computers -
• Smaller in size compared to 1st mostly suitable to scientific and bulk
generation computers. data processing tasks only; not for
• Generated lesser heat than earlier business purposes.
computer.  The machines were costly.
• Lower electricity consumption.  Frequent maintenance required.
• More reliable and faster .
• Programming in machine language as
well as assembly language.
Input and Output Devices : Memory Type : Magnetic Core
Teletypewriters and punched cards Storages: Magnetic Tape, Hard-disk
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 THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971) - Integrated Circuits

Key Features Remarks

• Integrated circuits • Proved to be highly reliable,
• Computers smaller, faster and relatively inexpensive , and
more reliable faster.
• Lower power consumption

• High-level languages developed  Less human labour was

• Size of main memories reached
about 4 MBs and storage drive
capacities reached up to 100 MBs
Input and Output Devices
Keyboards, Printer
required at assembly stage.
: Memory Type : Core Memory &
DRAM chips
Storage : Hard disk, Floppy Disc

Major computers : IBM-360, ICL-1900,2900 & 2903, Honeywell 316 or 6000

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 FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)- Microprocessors
Key Features Remarks
• Large and Very Large Integrated  Computer costs came down so
circuits, (LSI & VLSI) rapidly that these found places
at most offices and homes.
• Microcomputer series such as IBM
 Smaller and faster.
and APPLE developed.
 More speed, Reliability,
 Portable computers developed. Storage capability
 Great development in data  Personal software Industry
communication. boomed.
 Programming in High Level
Languages.
Input and Output Devises : Keyboard, Memory : Memory chips
mouse, joysticks, speakers etc.
Storage: Hard disk, Floppy disks,
CD,DVD, Blu-ray discs.
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Major computers: Pentium(p5,dual INSTITUTE
core, quad core OF ENGINEEERING
etc.), Power PC, AMD, Apple Dell etc. 16
FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENTS & BEYOND)-
Artificial Intelligence
.
Key Features Remarks
• Parallel-processing- many Found applications in:
processors are grouped to
• Intelligent systems that could control
function as one large group
the route of a missile and defense-
processor.
systems that could fend off attacks
• Superconductors- it is a conductor
• Word processors that could be
through which electricity can
controlled by means of speech
travel without any resistance
recognition.
resulting in faster transfer of
information between the • Programs that could translate
components of a computer. documents from one language to
another.
Input and Output Devices : Memory : Memory chips
Keyboard, mouse, joysticks, voice
Storage : Hard disk, CD, DVD,
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input
memories, blu-ray discs, cloud
EVOLUTION OF STORAGE
AND DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY

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Evolution of Storage and Display Technologies
The electronic revolution started from 18`th -19th century and changed the
human life forever. The associated data storage technologies also evolved with
computer evolution. Let us learn how these storage technologies evolved over
time.
Machine - Herman Hollerith invented a punch-card that could be read by a
Readable machine.
Punched Card
(1890)
• Invented in Austria, the magnetic drum was an early form of
computer memory.
Magnetic Drum • Electromagnetic pulse was stored by changing the magnetic
(1932) orientation of ferromagnetic particles on the drum.

• Magnetic tape used magnetic pulses to store data over

magnetized tapes.
Magnetic Tape • They had the capacity of storing as many as 10,000 punch
(1951) cards.
• They became very popular as backup media.
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 • It is a set of magnetized circular platters that store data
as magnetic dots.
• Introduced as data storage for IBM computers, these
Hard Disk Drive devices were not very popular in 1960s and 1970s due
(1958) their immense size and price.
• In 1990s they were the most popular data storage
devices.

• Floppy Disk is a thin flexible magnetic disk, covered

by a protective plastic jacket.
Floppy Disk • The earliest floppy disks stored data upto 80 KB of
(1969) data.
• Inexpensive and mobile floppy disks were considered a
revolution in data storage.
• CD (Compact Disks) were created in 1980s by Philips
Optical Storage Media and Sony as replacement of aging floppy disks.
CD (1980s), • DVD (Digital Video Disks), created in 1990s, were the
DVD s(1990s) next evolution of CD.
• A DVD could store more data of upto 8-10 CDs.

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 • A flash drive a solid state memory.
Flash Drive • It is a inexpensive, small, compact and mobile storage media that
(1998) has successfully replaced the floppy disks from storage scene.

Blue ray Disks The next-generation optical disk can store enormous amount of data in
(2000) its storage space of 400 nanometers.

Similar to how data is stored on the internet, cloud storage allows data
The Cloud to be stored on multiple servers, which are generally hosted by a third
(21st Century) party.

Just like storage technologies, the display technologies

also evolved over time. Following lines briefly enlist the
evolution of Display Technologies.

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 CRT First developed in 1897, CRTs were used in television sets and in early
(Cathode Ray Tube) computers as the display screen.
(1897)
LCD • Suggested in 1963 for display screens
(Liquid Crystal • LCDs first found application in watches and calculators.
Display) • For computer displays, LCDs were permanently used in 1990s only.
(1963)

Plasma Monitor From the first prototype release in 1964, they found space as display
(1964) screens because of their long life and wide range of contrasts and colors.

Touch Screen Monitors • Touchscreen technology, although invented in 1965

(1965) • Found its place as display technology only after Apple released first
iPhone in 2007.

OLED (Organic Light • Invented in 1987

Emitting Display) • The OLED displays were first introduced as display screens to
(1987) consumers in 2009.
• The OLED technology these days is being used in display screens of
computers, smart
UNIVERSITY phones,
INSTITUTE television sets etc.
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 EVOLUTION OF SOFTWARE
Computer is a machinery that works with the help of
software.

A software is a stored set – of – coded – instructions.

With the advent of computer technology, software also

has evolved.

We shall be discussing evolution of software through

following categories.
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EVOLUTION OF SOFTWARE

 Evolution of Operating Systems

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 Operating System (OS) is the most essential software for
a computer for it is the master control program that runs
the computer.

 In 1960s, when computers were developed mainly for

research and scientific activities, the early operating
system was developed at Bell Labs in 1969, namely

Bill Gates
UNIX.

 With the manufacturing of personal computers, in

1980 Bill Gates and Paul Allen designed first
operating system for personal computers, namely
QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) which
was later released as MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk
Operating System) in 1981.

 In 1991, Linus Torvalds released an operating system

Paul Allen
Kernel namely Linux, written on the lines of UNIX
and released it to public. UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEEERING 25
Command User Interface – All the above mentioned three operating
systems UNIX, MS-DOS and Linux used commands as the way of
interaction.

Graphic User Interface – With the invention of mouse, a new way

of human-computer interface was devised – the Graphical User
Interface(GUI). The GUI used graphic icons and pointing device like
mouse to give instructions to computer.

Initial computers to successfully use GUI were XeroAlto and

XeroxStar in 1973. Apple commercially released GUI based
Macintosh computers in 1984.

Based on the success of Apple’s Macintosh computers Microsoft

designed its GUI based operating system known as Windows.
Starting with Windows 95, many successors of GUI based Windows
Operating Systems are released by Microsoft. Latest in the series is
Windows 8 released inUNIVERSITY
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 EVOLUTION OF SOFTWARE

Evolution of Programming Language

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 Evolution of Programming Language
Software are developed through various programming languages.
Programming started with machine language and evolved to new-
age programming systems.
Early programming was done in machine
1st Generation Programming language. So machine language is the first
language(1GL) generation programming language.

Next programming generation was the Assembly

2ndGeneration Programming
language(2GL)
3rd Generation Programming
language(3GL)
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Language programming. Together 1GL and
2GL, i.e., machine language and assembly
language are called low level languages- easier
for computer to understand but difficult for
programmers.
The third generation programming languages were
more normal English language like and hence
easier for programmers to understand. The 3GLs
are thus also called High Level Languages(HLLs).
Many 3GLs are ALGOL, COBOL, Fortran,
BASIC, C, PASCAL etc.
28

4th Generation Programming
language(4GL)
5th Generation Programming
language(5GL)
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These programming languages are closer
to natural language than 3GLs. Most
popular 4GL is SQL(Structure Query
Language).
The fifth generation programming
languages are used mainly in Artificial
Intelligence research. Some 5GLs are
Prolog, OPS5, Mercury etc.
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EVOLUTION OF SOFTWARE

Evolution of Software Applications

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 Evolution of Software Application

The advancement of hardware was not sufficient to change the human life-style, had it not been
supported by software and software application. Let us see how software applications evolved over
time.

Command Line Programs(1980s)- The first generation software application included compilers,
device- drivers etc, which were mainly command line programs.

Desktop Application(1990s)- With the popularity of graphical interface, GUI based desktop
applications of multiple types and forms were released: Office Application, Audio and Video players,
Utility programs, Browsers etc.

Web Application(21st century)- With Web’s availability, the next generation applications were
developed keeping world wide web in mind. Web applications were developed keeping in mind that
they can be accessed from any location over Internet.
Most popular web applications include Email clients like Gmail, Ymail etc; Social networking
platform like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, Quora etc. ; VoIP Programs like Skype etc.
and many more.

Mobile Application(21st century)- Advent of computer technology has resulted into smartphones
being affordably available, thus mobile application were the obvious outcome.
The popular Mobile Applications development platforms are Ios, Android, Windows, which are also
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the most popular mobile operating systems.
 OUTCOME

1. Learnt about difference product and service

innovation
2. Information about innovations in product and
service innovation gathered.

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 References
• https://study.com/.../what-is-application-software-
definition-examples-types.html
• https://www.nortonsecurityonline.com/security-
center/evolution-of-computers.html

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