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Width, w (m) Height, h (m) Total Displacement, u (mm) • The sensibility analysis indicated the
150 100 21.72
200 100 21.71 geometry of the model only have minor
influences on the results. Model geometry
with width of 200m and height of 100m
Width, w (m)
200
Height, h (m)
75
Total Displacement, u (mm)
21.67
satisfied the criteria of Meissner (1996)
200 100 21.71 and Moller (2006).
• The appropriate mesh size was
Mesh Size Total Displacement, u (mm) implemented with the same model
Very coarse
Coarse
18.01
18.90
characteristics as used to determine the
Medium
Fine
21.71
22.60
optimum geometry size which the chosen
Very fine 22.60 model of 200m x 100m (width x height) as
mentioned.
• For the remainder of the numerical
analysis, a fine mesh size is chosen as
refined mesh would not produce much
more accurate results.
PARAMETRIC STUDIES
a) INDUCED MOVEMENT ON TUNNEL LINING
4.60
λ - METHOD
3.80 0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Relaxation Factor
PARAMETRIC STUDIES
b) INDUCED FORCES ON TUNNEL LINING
2700 λ - METHOD
β - METHOD
remain constant from relaxation factor
2600 a - METHOD ranging from 0 to 0.5 for case of method
2500 which the behaviour is similar to the
2400
induced movement .
2300 For method, the convergence only start
to occur when relaxation factor is more
2200
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 than 0.5 as recommended by Laabmayr &
Relaxation Factor Swoboda (1978).
method shows the least convergence
followed by λ method and method.
PARAMETRIC STUDIES
b) INDUCED FORCES ON TUNNEL LINING
Induced Bending Moment on Tunnel Lining It could observed that greater bending
50.00
moment generated before soil body
45.00
collapse from λ method.
40.00 This phenomenon could be attributed to
35.00 the fact that stress relaxation on the tunnel
Beding Moment, M (kNm)
30.00
boundary has induced displacement on the
25.00
λ - METHOD
β - METHOD
surrounding ground where resulting
a - METHOD development of failure zone. The self-
20.00
weight of failure ground could be one of
15.00
the factors which leading to an increased in
10.00
induced bending moment on the tunnel
5.00 lining.
0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Relaxation Factor
PARAMETRIC STUDIES
c) N-M INTERACTION CHART
According to the plotted N-M capacity diagram for C60 concrete with a nominal 0.13% reinforcement ratio, the overall
increase of confinement is actually contributing to stability.
This clearly demonstrates that analysis of segmental tunnel lining require investigation of both upper and lower TBM
confinement ratios to ensure a robust design.
3D ANALYSIS OF SEGMENTAL LINING
500
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
ϕ (degree)
1200
Support pressure at tunnel crown (kN/m2)
1000
800
OPERATIONAL RANGE
600
400
200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
3D ANALYSIS OF SEGMENTAL LINING
The total tunnel displacement of 3.227mm
is induced.
Axial force acting on lining = 3044kN/m
Induced bending moment = 35.06kNm/m
The axial force on tunnel lining from
distance of from 0 to 48m is constant. It
noted that the tunnel lining is not carrying
full overburden load due to the soil arching.
The result of total displacement of tunnel
and axial load acting on the lining is
relatable.
For low TBM confining pressure, ground
deformation is maximized but giving low
lower bound lining forces whereas for high
TBM confining pressure gives lower bound
ground deformations but upper bound
lining forces.
REMARKS ON 2D SIMPLIFIED
EXCAVATION METHODS
On the basis of comparison with 3D numerical model, the better 2D deconfinement method was
estimated using the error function. Depending on what is the most important parameter need to be
monitored, different 2D deconfinement method should be adopted:
• When considering only the structural forces induced in the tunnel, - Method should be chosen
as it gives the upper bound forces;
• When considering the vertical settlement develop on the soil surface, - Method should be
chosen as it gives the highest tunnel displacement;
• When considering overall the behaviour of the soil and tunnel lining, - Method is the better
one.
COMPARISON OF NUMERICAL AND
ANALYTICAL METHODS
Analytical Methods 2D Analysis
Induced Forces and 3D Analysis
Movements JSCE, 2001 MUIR WOOD, 1975 & CURTIS, 1976 λ - METHOD β - METHOD a - METHOD
Axial Force (kN) 2739.70 4458.60 2778 2750 2973 3044
Bending Moment (kNm) 46.63 31.24 31.13 31.07 45.61 35.06
Deformation (mm) - 3.06 4.15 4.20 4.28 3.227
λ - METHOD vs JSCE, 2001 λ - METHOD vs Muir Wood, 1975 & Curtis, 1976 λ - METHOD vs 3D Analysis
The maximum induced forces and displacement on tunnel is comparable for all three 2D simplification
methods. As discussed, λ – METHOD reflect correct tunnel behaviour.
λ – METHOD over predicted tunnel displacement.
λ – METHOD under predicted tunnel lining forces.
A rather good compatibility between λ – METHOD and 3D simulations. (Difference in magnitude is very less!)
CASE STUDY ON CL3 MRT SINGAPORE
-20
measured by BOTDR Distributed Fibre
-30
Optic Strain Sensing is lower than the
settlement marker G2407 and G2408
-40 which is incorrect.
-50 It is observed that settlement markers
measures quite amount of surface
-60
settlement was induced by tunnelling
-70 which is more than 1% Volume Loss.
Distance In Longtudinal Direction (m) However, the BOTDR Fibre Optic shows the
induced movement of tunnel is
G2407 G2408 G2419
R530 R540 BOTDR PLAXIS 3D 1% VL
approximately 1% Volume Loss.
BOTDR PLAXIS 3D 2% VL SM PLAXIS 3D 2% VL SM PLAXIS 3D 1% VL
Overall, 3D simulations are able to capture
the behavior of induced movement by
CASE STUDY ON CL3 MRT SINGAPORE
SURFACE SETTLEMENT THROUGH
For CCM, the relaxation factor,
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 • calibrated to ensure that the 2D andwas 3D
-5
analyses predicted as closely as possible by
-10 relating the tunnel wall deformation to the
Induced Surface Setlemen (mm)
25
Convergence confinement method shows
20
induced highest displacement on tunnel.
It is noted that 2D VLM shows lower tunnel
15
displacement compared to 2D CCM as no
10
relaxation was allowed in 2D VLM as the
tunnel is WIP.
5
CCM shows higher tunnel displacement as
agreed in parametric studies.
0
-600
arching effect in 2D analysis accurately.
-800 It is expected that 2D VLM shows the
-1000
highest axial force as WIP was adopted
thus no relaxation is allowed in tunnel.
-1200
-1400
-1600
2D CCM 2D VL 3D VL
CASE STUDY ON CL3 MRT SINGAPORE
COMPARISON IN BENDING MOMENT
100 Both CCM and 3D VLM shows a similar
80
behavior of tunnel lining forces. The results
were still comparable.
60
As expected that 2D VLM shows the
Tunnel Bending Moment (kNm/m)
40
highest induced bending moment on
20 tunnel lining as the tunnel lining is WIP
where no relaxation was allowed to occur.
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
2D CCM 2D VL 3D VL
CASE STUDY ON CL3 MRT SINGAPORE
COMPARISON IN SHEAR FORCE
80 It was observed that both CCM and 3D
60
VLM shows similar behavior.
The step by step installation of tunnel
40
which leads to realistic zig-zagging shear
Tunnel Shear Force (kNm/m)
-80
2D CCM 2D VL 3D VL
CONCLUDING REMARKS
• The result generated by λ method (CCM) is much more reasonable as sign of soil yielding failure was
shown as presented.
• It is believe that the ground will not fail immediately right after excavation as the excavated cavity could
support itself without any added structures which known as “Stand-up time”.
• The development of failure zone which occur around the tunnel could be highlighted by the development
of convergence which only indicated in λ method (CCM).
• This parametric analysis highlighted the fact that the importance of timing of support installation. The
support structure should not be installed too soon when the stresses imposed on the surrounding ground
is still high. However, the support structure should not be installed too late when the ground failure occur.
• In this parametric analysis, the tunnel lining should be installed before the stress relaxation coefficient
(relaxation factor) reached to a value of 0.6 which correspond to a volume loss of 0.27
• Overall a good agreement between λ method (CCM) and 3D step by step installation of tunnel was
attained.