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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

DEFINITION:
 PSYCHOLOGY : derived from the Greek word
‘Psyche’ meaning Soul and ‘Logos’ meaning
Study, to the Greeks, psychology is simply a study
of soul.
But, inability to define ‘Soul’ , they defined it as ‘Study of
Mind’,
Failure of defining ‘Soul’ and ‘Mind’, persuaded the
philosophers and psychologists to define as, “the
description and explanation of state of consciousness as
such”.
Based on further studies, it was defined as…
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of
the nature, functions and phenomena of
behaviour and mental experiences of a living
organism based on surroundings.
The term ‘Behaviour’ is :
 ‘Any manifestation of life activity’, and behaviour is a
collective name for :
1) Motor or conative activities - an inclination (such as an
instinct, a drive, a wish, or a craving) to act purposefully.
2) Cognitive activities- like thinking, reasoning, imaging,
of, relating to, being, or involving conscious intellectual
activity.
3) Affective activities- like feeling happy, sad and angry,
etc.
4) behaviour at subconcious or unconscious state.
Consequently, it covers the behaviour, involving the inner
experiences and mental processes.
The nature of the subject is scientific if it
fulfils the following criteria:
 Contains facts and able to support it through universal
laws and principles.
 Emphasizes on search for truth.
 Does not believe in sterotypes or superstitions.
 Adopts methods of objective investigation, systematic and
controlled observation and scientific approach.
 Helps in predicting the future developments.
 Is able to turn theory into practise by having its applied
aspect.
SCOPE:
 Studies, describes, explains the behaviour of living
organisms- which includes humans, insects, birds
and plants.
 Behaviour based on:
1)Conative 5) Unconscious
2) Cognitive 6) Subconscious
3)Affect
4) Conscious
 Cause Effect relationship- possesses a
universally accepted body of facts and believes in
modificaton and alterations in its principle.
BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY:

PURE PSYCHOLOGY: APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY:


 Framework and theory  ‘PURE’ takes its practical
 Suggests various methods form.
and techniques for analysis,  Application of
assessment, modification psychological rules,
and improvement of principles, theories,
behaviour. techniques with reference
to real life practical
situations.
PURE PSYCHOLOGY:
 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY: Deals with the fundamental
rules, principles and theories of psychology in relation to the
study of behaviour of NORMAL adult human beings.

 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY: Describes and explains the


behaviour of ABNORMAL people in relation to the
environment.
 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Deals with group behaviour
and inter- relationships of people with other people. Group
dynamics- likes and dislikes, interests and attitudes, social
distances, prejudices of people in their personal and social
relationships.
 EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: Describes and
explains the ways to carry out experiments in lab or by
scientific methods- for the study of mental processes and
behaviour.

 PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Describes and


explains the biological and physiological basis of
behaviour-that is, to study the body, particularly the brain,
nervous system, function of glands, with relation to
conative, cognative and affective behaviour of human
beings.
 PARA PSYCHOLOGY: Deals with extra sensory
perceptions, cases of re-birth, telepathy, allied problems.

 GEO PSYCHOLOGY: Describes and explains the relation of


physical environment- like weather, climate, soil, landscape
with behaviour.

 DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY: Describes and explains


the processes and products of process of growth and
development in relation to the behaviour of an individual
from birth to old age- Child, Adolescent and Adult.
APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY:
 EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Applies to the
psychological principles, theories and the techniques to human
behaviour in education situations- so covers all aspects of
teaching or learning, includes learning process, learning
material, learning environment, teacher.
 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Explains the causes of mental
illness or abnormal behaviour of a patient attending the
clinic or hospital- and suggests individual or group therapy for
the treatment and effective adjustment of the affected person in
society.

 INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Application of


psychological principles, theories and techniques for study of
human behaviour in relation to industrial environment-
includes : improving the ways of knowing taste and interests of
consumers, solving labour problems, establishing a good
relationship between employee and employer,etc.
 LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY: Study the behaviour of persons
like clients, criminals, etc- in their respective surroundings
with help of the application of psychological principles and
techniques, the root cause of the crime, offence, disputes or any
legal case can be properly understood through the use of this
branch of psychology and proper reformatory and rehablitation
measures can be taken.

 MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY: Principles and techniques on


military science- how to keep the morale of soldiers, how to
improve fighting capacities,leadership,etc.

 POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Principles and techniques in


studying politics and deriving political gains- dynamics of
group behaviour, judgement of public opinions, etc.
UTILITY:
 Education
 Medicine
 Business and Industry
 Criminology
 Politics
 Guidance and Counselling
 Adjustment and Mental health
 Military Science
 Human relationships and World peace
 Self developments
 EDUCATION:
- Improve the process and products of education.
- Theories of learning, motivation, personality, etc, have been
responsible for shaping and designing the educational
systems according to the needs and requirements of students,
which helps in planning effectively and efficiently.
 MEDICINE:
- Doctor, nurses, needs to know good behaviour to achieve
good results.
- Psychology has contributed valuable therapeutic measures
like behaviour therapy, play therapy, psychoanalysis, etc for
the diagnosis and cure of pateints suffering from
psychosomatic as well as mental diseases.
 BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY:
Salesmanship, manufacturer, advertisement- one has to apply
psychology to yield for good results, provides most suitable
ways for selection, training, placement of persons, and maintain
a harmonious relationship.
 CRIMINOLOGY:
Detection of crimes and dealing with criminals have been
influenced by psychology- the use of psycholog, has resulted in
change of attitude in the general public as well as civil and
judicial authorities in dealing with criminals.
 POLITICS:
Psychology of group behaviours, group dynamics, social
distance, etc, provided various techniques for gaining
popularity, leading masses, achieving political gains.
 GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING:
For those seeking solution to their problems of adjustment in
education, employements and personal life, where measures
and techniques are suggested to solve difficulties.
 ADJUSTMENT AND MENTAL HEALTH:
Psychology helps to adjust ones self with other people and
things in the environment and this secures good health.
 MILTARY SCIENCE:
Helps in selection, training, classification of defence personnel.
 HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS AND WORLD PEACE:
By trying to understand human nature and the needs and
interests of our fellow beings- which helps in world solidarity
and international peace.
 SELF DEVELOPMENT:
Helps to understand his assets and limitations, abilities,
shortcomings, habits, etc.
Helps improve:
- Habits
- Seek self control
- Thrive for adequate development and progress.
This helps in developing a well balanced nd integrated
personality.
THANK YOU…

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