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Sources of
Funds
Framework
A. Intro to • Funds flow in the economy
financial • Money Markets
• Capital Markets
markets
Liquidity Risk
Market Risk
Inflation Risk
Credit Risk
General investment
classes
Savings deposits
Time deposits
Life insurance policies
Bonds
Money market placements
Houses, apartments and building ownership
Land ownership
Business ownership
Education and training
Foreign exchange investments
Precious tangibles
Financial
markets
What is a financial market?
Offers and sales occur in two distinct ways
Primary market
Secondary market
Financial institutions such as banks act as
intermediaries
Financial Markets
Money Capital Forex Derivatives
Market Market Market Market
•Tbills •Debt •Spot •Options
•Tnotes •Equity •Forward •Swaps
•CPs •Futures
•BAs •Structured
Products
- A time deposit
Certificates - May not be withdrawn on demand
of deposit - The bank pays interest and principal at maturity
- Usually insured by government insurance (PDIC)
6 C’s of Lending
• Well-defined purpose for requesting
CHARACTER credit
• serious intention to repay
6 C’s of Lending
• Does the borrower have
adequate net worth or own
COLLATERAL enough quality assets to support
the loan?
Historical analysis
What are the trends in costs and profit?
Financial ratio analysis
Ability to control expenses
Operating efficiency in using resources to generate
sales
Marketability of product line
Coverage that earnings provide over financing costs
Liquidity position, indicating availability of ready cash
Track record of profitability
Financial leverage
Contingent liabilities
Comparison with industry performance
The 4 basic
questions
1. How liquid is the firm?
2. Is management generating adequate
operating profits on the firm’s assets?
3. How is the firm financing its assets?
4. Are the owners (stockholders)
receiving an adequate return on their
investment?
Framework
A. Intro to • Funds flow in the economy
financial • Money Markets
• Capital Markets
markets
Formula Toolbox:
Interest Payment = Principal x Rate x Time
Time = actual no of days /360 days
Compound
Interest
Suppose you place $100 in a savings
account that pays 6% interest per year. How
much interest will you get at the end of 1
year? How much total money will you get at
the end of 1 year? At the end of 5 years?
Formula Toolbox:
Future Value (FV) = PV*(1+i)n
Present Value (PV) = FV*(1+i)-n
Present Value and Future Value
If we place $1,000 in a savings account paying 5% interest
compounded annually, how much will our account accrue
in 10 years?
Formula Toolbox:
FV
A (1 i) 1
n
(1 i) 1
PV A
n
n
i i(1 i)
Formula Toolbox:
Where:
PP = constant dollar amount provided by the
PP
PV perpetuity
perpetuity
i = annual interest or discount rate
i
Exercise
1. (Comprehensive present value) You are trying to plan for
retirement in 10 years and currently you have $100,000 in
savings account and $300,000 in stocks. In addition, you
plan to add to your savings by depositing $10,000 per year in
your savings account at the end of each of the next five years
and then $20,000 per year at the end of each year for the
final five years until retirement.
a. Assuming your savings account returns 7%
compounded annually and your investment in stocks
will return 12% compounded annually, how much will
you have at the end of 10 years? Ignore taxes.
b. If you expect to live for 20 years after you retire, and at
retirement you deposit all of your savings in a bank
account paying 10%, how much can you withdraw each
year after retirement (20 equal withdrawals beginning
one year after you retire) to end up with a zero balance
at death?
2. How many years would it take for your investment to grow
fourfold if it were invested at 16% compounded semi-
annually?
Exercise
1. (Comprehensive present value) You found the
woman of your dreams and she agreed to marry
you in 5 years. You currently have Php 150,000
in savings and P15,000 in stocks. You have
deposited your savings in a TD yielding 6.5%
semi-annually, while the expected rate of return
of your stock is 9.75%. To save for the wedding,
you vowed to deposit Php 50,000 per year for
the next five years at a bank deposit yielding
5.25%.
a. How much money can you spend in your
wedding?
b. If your wedding planner told you that the cost
of your dream wedding is php 875,000, how
much should you save each year (in a
deposit yielding 5.25%) to be able to afford