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Drawing Reading

Module
Module No.:
No.: F-
F- 01
01 (Revised)
(Revised)

Course Co-ordinators (Faculty)


Part-A :
Part-B :
Part-C :
Part-D : PB, AHD

1
Duration of Programme

Sessions Time
Part-A : Orthographic Projections 04 Hrs
Part-B : PV & HE Details 04 Hrs
Part-C : Nuclear Jobs 04 Hrs
Part-D : Special Jobs 04 Hrs
TOTAL :16 Hrs
2
Part-A : Orthographic Projections

Time : 4 Hrs ( 240 min.)


Content Time
1 Importance of Drawing 10 min.
2 Types of Lines 20 min.
3 Orthographic Projections 60 min.
4 Exercise ( 1st & 3rd Angle Projection ) 60
min. 5 Exercise on Missing Line &
Missing
View and Q & A Session 90 min.
3
TYPES OF LINE
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION APPLICATION

1) Continuous thick Visible outlines

2) Continuous thin Imaginary, dimension, projection lines


Leader lines, Hatching lines.

3) Dotted thin / thick Hidden outlines, hidden eges

4) Chain thin Centre lines, lines of symmetry

5) Chain thin double-dotted Outlines of adjecent parts,


Initial outline of part before forming

6) Continuous thin Long break lines


(with zigzag)

4
DIMENSION SYMBOL
A

Linear Aligned Leader

R
A

Diameter Angular Radius


AB Aprox.
Approximate Dim.
AB (AB)
62.57 +/ -0.2
Arc Length Reference Dim. Dim. With Tolerance
5
MACHINING SYMBOL
Ø0.08
Straightness

Flatness 0.08

0.1

Circularity
0.1

Cylindricity
0.1

Perpendicularity
A Ø 0.08 A-B B

Ø
Co-axiality Ø Ø
6
Planes Of Projection
Always First Quadrant
ABOVE
. to be Opened
V. P
A

90
0
Front
B Above H. P.
Behind V. P.
Above H. P.
D

1R AD
2N

Q
D
In Front of V. P.
U

P.
H.
3R AD

Below H. P.
Q
D
U

Behind V. P.
4T

. P. P.
H V.
e lo t of
w
B
B fron
In

7
1st Angle Projection
ABOVE
VP
VP
VP

W
FRONT VIEW

HP

TOP VIEW HP

8
Draw Orthographic projection of Following Blocks by
Freehand Sketching
Note : Take Elevation from direction of Arrow.

1 2

3 4
9
Draw Orthographic projection of Following Blocks by
Freehand Sketching
Note : Take Elevation from direction of Arrow.

5 6

7 8
10
Draw Orthographic projection of Following Blocks by
Freehand Sketching
Example
Note : Take Elevation from direction of Arrow.

9 10

11 12
11
Draw Orthographic projection of Following Blocks by
Example
Freehand Sketching
Note : Take Elevation from direction of Arrow.

13 14

15 16
12
Draw Orthographic projection of Following Blocks by
Freehand Sketching
Example
Note : Take Elevation from direction of Arrow.

17 18

19 20
13
Draw Missing view (3rd View) as required to complete the
drawing by Freehand Sketching
Note : All views are in 3rd Angle Projection.

Elevation RSV

Elevation RSV

14
Draw Missing view (3rd View) as required to complete the
drawing by Freehand Sketching
Note : All views are in 3rd Angle Projection.

Elevation RSV

Elevation RSV
15
Draw Missing view (3rd View) as required to complete the
drawing by Freehand Sketching
Note : All views are in 3rd Angle Projection.

Elevation RSV

16
Draw Missing view (3rd View) as required to complete the
drawing by Freehand Sketching
Note : All views are in 3rd Angle Projection.

Elevation RSV

17
Draw Missing view (3rd View) as required to complete the
drawing by Freehand Sketching
Note : All views are in 3rd Angle Projection.

Elevation RSV

18
Draw Missing view (3rd View) as required to complete the
drawing by Freehand Sketching
Note : All views are in 3rd Angle Projection.

Elevation RSV

19
Draw Missing view (3rd View) as required to complete the
drawing by Freehand Sketching
Note : All views are in 3rd Angle Projection.

LSV
Elevation RSV

ELEVATION RSV
20
Draw Missing view (3rd View) as required to complete the
drawing by Freehand Sketching
Note : All views are in 3rd Angle Projection.

Elevation RSV

21
Views And Sections

22
Views And Sections (contd.)

23
Part-B : PV & HE Details

Time : 4 Hrs ( 240 min.)

Content Time
1 Importance of Drawing 10 min.
2 Types of Lines 20 min.
3 Orthographic Projections 60 min.
4 Exercise ( 1st & 3rd Angle Projection ) 60
min. 5 Exercise on Missing Line & Missing
View 90 min.
and Q & A Session

24
MAIN PRODUCTS OF L & T HZW

(1) Pressure Vessels


(2) Heat Exchanger
(3) Columns / Reactors
(4) Special Jobs
(5) Process Plant Equipments for Fertilizers

25
CUSTOMERS SPECIFICATION
Customer Consults Inspection Agencies Like,, EIL, IBR,
UDHE, DNV, Etc.. The Agencies Give Their Specifications To
Manufacture Equipments. These Specs Cover,

(A) Scope Of Supply


- Main Equipment ( Vessel / Reactor Etc… )
- Internals( DCBB, TSR, Piping Etc.. )
- Accessories ( Valves, Fittings Etc.. )
- Miscellaneous
- Spares ( To Be Sent With Equipment )
- Documents ( Inspection Reports, As Built Drgs,
NCRs, DCRs, Etc.. )

26
CUSTOMERS SPECIFICATION

(B) Additional Requirements

- Code & Standard Specifications


- Design Specifications
- Design Loading
- Materials
- Manufacturing Procedures
- Inspection & Testing
- PTCs & Chemical Analysis
- Hydro Test
- Coating & Painting
- Transportation
- Erection & Site Work
27
CUSTOMERS SPECIFICATION

(C) Details Of Equipment

• Internal Details
• External Details
• Insulation Details
• Type Of Service

28
CODE REQUIREMENTS
ASME Code Provides Basic Guidelines And Minimum
Requirements to be Fulfilled in Designing of Equipments.

Mainly
( 1 ) Design Thickness ASME Section -VIII ( Div - I & II )
( 2 ) Materials (Ferrous) ASME Section - II Part ‘A’
(Non-Ferrous) ASME Section - II Part ‘B’
( 3 ) Welding Consumables ASME Section - II Part ‘C’
( 4 ) Hydro Test ASME Section -VIII ( Div - I & II )
( 5 ) SR Cycle ASME Section -VIII ( Div - I & II )
( 6 ) Welding Qualification ASME Section - IX
( 7 ) Non Destructive Testing ASME Section - V

29
Pre-Manufacturing Activities

(1) Calculation of Material Thickness (Based On Specs )

(2) Making CRS & ARM ( Based On Specs )

(3) Drawing & Detailed Design Report

(4) Approval By Customer / Inspection Agency.

(5) Approved Drawings To Shops

30
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

Special Requirements For Materials Depend Upon


(1) Function of Equipment
(2) Process Temperature / Pressure
(3) Types Of Chemicals / Gas / Fluid Used For Processing.
(4) Others

- In our drawing it is mentioned in BOM as ARM No.


( Additional Requirement of Materials ).

- ARM is important for Quality Design and Satisfactory


Performance of the Equipment.

- ARM Contains List of such Requirements and it has


Identical Number for each Additional Requirement. Normally we
specify ARM Nos. In Drawing.
31
Drawing Reading

(1) Understanding Points of General Notes - Explanation of


Important Points

(2) Important Factors Considered In Design.


- Wind Load
- Seismic Load
- Piping Load
- Hydro Test
- Acid Cleaning

32
EXTERNALS

• All parts Which are assembled on out side surface


of PV/HE are Called Externals. Some requires great
dimensional accuracy for fitting attachment / accessories
at Site.

- Insulation Rings.
- Platform Support Cleats.
- Ladder Cleats.
- Davits.
- Piping Cleats.
- Others.

33
INTERNALS

• All parts which are inside the pressure vessels are called
internals. They play very critical role in processing activities.

- DCBBs ( Down Comer Bolting Bar )


- TSRs - Tray Support Rings
- Trays
- Support Beams
- Vortex Breakers
- Outlet Screens
- Distributors
- Others

34
Packed Tower Internals

35
BUBBLE CAP TRAYS

36
SIEVE TRAYS

37
NOZZLES

TO FEED PROCESS LIQUID / FLUID, FOR INSTRUMENT


CONNECTION OR INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE PURPOSE,
NOZZLES ARE PROVIDED IN PRESSURE VESSELS, NOZZLES
ARE IDENTIFIED BY THEIR FUNCTIONS / USAGE.

- INLET NOZZLE

- OUTLET NOZZLE

- MAN WAY / HAND HOLE

- INSTRUMENT NOZZLE

38
Importance of Clad / Overlay

Clad
• plates are imported from other countries. it
contains corrosion resistive layer ( normally SS )
of 3 to 8 mm thk on CS plate.

Overlay
• Nozzle forging D’ends, Shells also require corrosion
Resistance quality, on which we do overlay welding
of suitable quality of material ( normally SS).

• Both cladding and overlay are critical surfaces of


equipment. It should be prevented from damage during
Manufacturing.

39
NOZZLE MARKING

A - Cut Out marking on shell, Nozzle Development


B - Elevation, Orientation & centre height
C - Alignment of flange face
( 1 ) MANWAY - 1°
( 2 ) NOZZLE - 1 / 2° 1 / 2°

D - Allowable tolerance in flange face to centre line of vessel


dimensions.
( 1 ) MANWAY -  1 / 2 ”
( 2 ) NOZZLE -  1 / 8 ” CL of Vessel

( Shrinkage allowance should be taken in to account )

E - Circumferential Deviations from true Orientation of nozzle & manhole not


exceed 1 / 4 ” measured along perimeter . 1 / 4 ” ma

Nozzle CL
Vessel CL
40
CONFIDENTIAL

41
42
43
44
45
Ø
C 86.30

O
Ø 870

R
Ø 750

C Ø

Ø 120.70
86.30
Y

A
r1 Ø 660
Ø 9.70 X
Ø 676.14

46
70 9 Equal Spacing @ 99 = 891
TYP

105 102o
219

Chord Arc Angle

47
4 Nos. 12Ø Holes 4 Nos. 12Ø Holes Equi
Equi. Spaced on CRS Spaced off CRS

48
Surface Finish Symbols

F3 Symbol Roughness (CLA) Microns


F4 0.4 To 0.8
F1

F3 0.8 To 1.6
F2 1.6 To 4.0
F1 4.0 To 8.0
R 8.0 To 25.0
- Machining after welding
~ Commercial finish Produce
by casting, forging & flame
cutting. Burrs & Projections
removal.

49
Top Dish End
Ladder cleat

Toricone

Trays
Shell Section

Nozzle

Skirt

50
General Assembly (Pressure Vessel)

51
GENERAL NOTES (PV)

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Part- C : Nuclear Jobs
Time : 4 Hrs ( 240 min.)

Content Time
1 Importance of Drawing 10 min.
2 Types of Lines 20 min.
3 Orthographic Projections 60 min.
4 Exercise ( 1st & 3rd Angle Projection ) 60
min. 5 Exercise on Missing Line & Missing
View 90 min.
and Q & A Session

62
500 MWe Steam Generator

Overall Length = 20248 mm.

Max. Dia. OD = 3493 / 2573 mm. Thickness of Tube Sheet = 428 mm.
Thk. 86/ 70 / 56 mm. Total no. Of Nozzles = 36.
Weight of the job = 182 tonnes
63
Sequence of Assembly

64
Function of Atomic Power Plant

65
Function of Steam Generator

66
Sequence of Assembly

67
Steam Generator for NPC
Steam generator is vertical heat-
exchanger with integral steam
drum.
Steam generator is having 2489 3.35M
inverted U-tubes
Its main function is to produce
steam to run turbines.

20.5 M
2.45M
Over all size
Dia 3.35 M x 20.5 M

View `V1’ V1
68
SA11(Tubesheet & Shell)

500 MWe 220 MWe


Weight of each SA 39 t 19.25 t
Overall Dimensions
OD 2573 mm 1964 mm
Length 5456 mm 4246 mm
Thk 57.5 mm 42 mm
Thickness of tubesheet 428 mm 408 mm
Inconel Cladding on Tubesheet 7.5 mm 7.5 mm
No of tube holes 4978 nos 3660 nos
Hole Diameter 19.22 mm 16.22 mm

69
Part- D : Special Project
Time : 4 Hrs ( 240 min.)

Content Time
1 Importance of Drawing 10 min.
2 Types of Lines 20 min.
3 Orthographic Projections 60 min.
4 Exercise ( 1st & 3rd Angle Projection ) 60
min. 5 Exercise on Missing Line & Missing
View 90 min.
and Q & A Session

70
CONFIDENTIAL

71
CONFIDENTIAL

72
CONFIDENTIAL

73
COMMON TERMS USED IN
SPECIAL JOBS
PRB : Pressure Retaining Boundary

PRT : Pressure Retaining T-Frame

STBD : Star Board

PORT : Port

FWD : Forward ( Direction of Motion )

AFT : After ( Back of Vessel )

NTD : Normative Technical Document

SOT : Submarine Overseeing Team


74
Direction of motion LEFT RIGHT
PORT STBD
A

Port STBD
upper upper
AFT FWD
Port STBD
Lower Lower

FWD :- In the direction of motion Sec. A-A


AFT :- Back side of the vessel. Looking FWD

75
Inside surface
Thickness disposition on
Inside of theoretical surface

Theoretical surface

Thickness disposition on Outside surface


outside of theoretical
surface
76
At frame 80 thickness
placed ‘FWD’

Theoretical
Theoretical
position of FWD
AFT position of
T-Frame
T-Frame

Thickness is placed
towards ‘FWD’

Thickness is placed
towards ‘AFT’
77
PORT STBD
AFT FWD

VCG (+)

LCG (+)
Longitudinal CG
TCG (+)
Trans verse CG

78
Theoretical surface of PRB

Base plane
OR
Theoretical surface
of ‘Outer hull’

79
Flange width
+/- 2mm

Frame height +4mm / -3mm

Weld height

After finish of weld height

Pre tilt of WEB  5mm


80
Pre Tilt of Flange
(  4 mm )

Sagging of Flange
End to End ( Th. Position to
of Flange End of Flange )

Theoretical Position

81
FLG position WRT WEB
+/-1mm

REQ= 300

Fr. Position w.r.t


T-Frame spacing Theoretical Position +/- 3mm
+/- 6mm

82
Flange or WEB Thickness
Misalignment 0.1T

width

Flange / Web
Width Misalignment 0.1T

83
Weld peak out 0.1 T

H
600

84
ARC length of +/- 10mm
flange / WEB butts
Non- commutative
2000
Installation of
WEB # Flange Butts
+/- 30mm
500

85
Penetration location
Bulkhead
Shell Expansion / development
00 X1

B C
V1
A
C
FR FR
21 20 0
90

A - distance AFT of frame 20 (+/-5) X1 = +/- 5mm


B - Girth from C.L. (00) (+/-5) V1 = +/-5mm
( On outside diameter )
C-C- Section giving penetration Inst.
details (Parallel to T-Flame and to
shell /PRB 86
PENETRATION TOLERANCES

Height

A
+/-2

+/-2mm

SKEW ( tilt)
100mm Ø  2mm Rotation of
100mm Ø  3mm penetration

87
X not correct

C.L

X1

Frame spacing
along C.L/ Axis of vessel

X1= Along C.L /Axis of vessel


88
WELDING SYMBOL

‘WX’ 101

0
50 +/- 5
+5/-2
L
Q+3/-1

F+/-1
S

0+3 0+2
External surface L
+5 / -2
Detail = 89
‘WX’
OFFSET CALCULATION
Thickness difference measured from I/s or o/s on joining
edges is called offset.
offset

Tolerance as per P-1402


0.1T but <= 2mm for web & <= 3mm for flange
Say T = 34 mm than, Offset = 0.1 x 34mm = 3.4mm
But max. 3mm allowed as mentioned above.
If by mistake 0.1% T considered than,
0.1 x 34/100 = 0.034 mm offset which is wrong.

90
OFFSET CALCULATION
How to measure offset & kink ?
Here A = D
Offset = B - C
Kink = ( A - B or C - D )
which ever is max. D
Kink is nothing but
peak-in/ peak-out C
B

91
TOLERANCES

Always read the drawing carefully to interpret tolerance


correctly.
(1) Pre-tilt of web :
For 101 mm to 150 mm frame height --
0.025H but  3mm
Example:

H = 120mm then, pre tilt = 0.025 x 120 = 3mm

92
TOLERANCES

How to check Pre tilt of web :[ X-Y ] = pre tilt

Y X

93
TOLERANCES

(2) Flange pre tilt : <= 3mm


[ X-Y ] = Pre tilt

94
TOLERANCES
(4) Out of circularity (OOC) :
0.2 % R ( R-theoretical radius of PRB )
Example : R = 4000mm OOC = 0.2 x 4000/100
= 8mm
(5) Flange position w.r.t web :
(Flange unbalance) :+/- 1mm
[ X - Y ] = 2mm
X

Y
95
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