Drug Store Blood Pressure Meter

• Wait for button press

– Check safety measures
• Inflate pressure cuff
– Right pressure?
– Check safety
• Wait for first pressure pulse
– Wait too long -> deflate, message, error
– Capture systolic pressure
– Wait for next pulse, check elapsed time->measure pulse interval
– Wait for consecutive pulses
• Too much time -> capture diastolic pressure
• Check ranges
• Display result
– Re start
 What a μController can do
• Control sequence – programming
• Keep track of time – timers
• Measure pressure – A/D converter
• Detect button presses, switch closures –
Digital Inputs
• Signal Process – simple math
• Display Results – send info to remote device
 Digital Signals
 Two Levels
 0 and 1
 Typically 0 and 5 volts
 Logic functions
 AND, OR, NAND, NOR
 Logic Families
 TTL, LS, C, HC
 5V, 3.3V, 3V, 2.5V,1.8
 Need for speed
 Binary Numbers
• Multiple binary bits
– Each bit is a pin or node with a 0 or 1 signal
• Characterized by word length
– 4,8,12,16,32,64 bits
– Number of unique numbers = 2n
• 4-16, 8-256, 12-4096, 16-65,536
• Intermediate complexity logic
– 74HC163 binary counter
– 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111
– 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111
– 0000,
74163 Data Sheet
Memory
Vcc, Vss: Power and Ground
A0-A16: Address (17)
W: Write
E1, E2: Enable
G: Output Enable
DQ0-DQ7: Data Bus (I/O)
Digital Latch Data Sheet
 Binary, Octal, Hex
• 11001111 = 11 001 111 = 3178
• 01011010 = 0101 1010 = 5A16

• You will see a lot of hex

• 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
• D316 = 1101 0011 = 11010011
• = 13*16 + 3*1 = 21110
 Process Control
Reset

Program
Oscillator
Counter
2 Add the numbers
1 Get 2nd number
0,1,2,3,…
0 Get 1st number

Program Memory
 Central Processor

ALU
72 106
8 71 0x6A

W (working) Register 70 b01101100

Data Memory
 Some Terminology
• Memory mapped I/O
– I/O devices programmed through memory locations
• Von Neumann vs Harvard
– Separate or combined program and data memory
• Instruction Pipeline
– A technique used speed processing by pre-fetching and
preprocessing instructions
• Flash vs RAM vs OTP
– Types of program memory
 Memory in the PIC
• Data
Program
memory
memory
– Called
FLASHfiles (register files)
– RAM
16 bit instructions
– 8
32k
bitbytes long
– 16kbytes
• 1536 instructions
– Stores
• Stores
• Instructions
– Counters
– With constants
– Variables
• Tables
– Data – Made ahead of time
– • Data
Intermediate results
– Long access time
• Data Memory addresses also mapped to special function
registers
Special
Function
Registers

This is how
you ‘control’
devices in the
PIC
 The Compiler

C- compiler

• Converts your text file (*.c) to a file that can

be assembled.
• Cross Compiler
• C Directives
• Your code
 Timer
• A timer is a counter that counts fixed intervals
• The counters in the pic are (generally) 16 bits.
65,535 intervals
• For our clock, we want to keep track of seconds.
• If we use the CPU clock (4 Mhz) we would need
to count to 4 M.
• Instead, use a 2nd oscillator input to the PIC that
runs at 32,764 Hz. This is on the board, not the
PIC, but the PIC is designed to use it.