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LITERATURE
(PERÍODO ROMÂNTICO NA LITERATURA
INGLESA)
1785-1830
A BRIEF OVERVIEW
(UMA BREVE VISÃO)
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT
(CONTEXTO SOCIAL E POLÍTICO)
■ INDIVIDUALISM (INDIVIDUALISMO)
■ IMAGINATION (IMAGINAÇÃO)
■ INTUITION (INTUIÇÃO)
INDIVIDUALISM AND STRIVING
(INDIVIDUALISMO E ESFORÇO)
■ In what distant deeps or skies. ■ When the stars threw down their spears
Burnt the fire of thine eyes? And water'd heaven with their tears:
On what wings dare he aspire? Did he smile his work to see?
What the hand, dare seize the fire? Did he who made the Lamb make thee?
■ And what shoulder, & what art, ■ Tyger Tyger burning bright,
Could twist the sinews of thy heart? In the forests of the night:
And when thy heart began to beat, What immortal hand or eye,
What dread hand? & what dread feet? Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?
WILLIAM BLAKE – THE TYGER
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH
■ WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (7
APRIL 1770 – 23 APRIL 1850) WAS A
MAJOR ENGLISH ROMANTIC POET
WHO, WITH SAMUEL TAYLOR
COLERIDGE, HELPED TO LAUNCH
THE ROMANTIC AGE IN ENGLISH
LITERATURE WITH THEIR JOINT
PUBLICATION LYRICAL
BALLADS (1798).
■ (WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (7 DE
ABRIL DE 1770 - 23 DE ABRIL DE
1850) FOI UM GRANDE POETA
ROMÂNTICO INGLÊS QUE, COM
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE,
AJUDOU A LANÇAR A ERA
ROMÂNTICA NA LITERATURA
INGLESA COM A PUBLICAÇÃO
WILLIAM
■ WORDSWORTH
WORDSWORTH'S MAGNUM OPUS IS GENERALLY
CONSIDERED TO BE THE PRELUDE, A SEMI-
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL POEM OF HIS EARLY YEARS THAT HE
REVISED AND EXPANDED A NUMBER OF TIMES. IT WAS
POSTHUMOUSLY TITLED AND PUBLISHED, BEFORE WHICH
IT WAS GENERALLY KNOWN AS "THE POEM TO
COLERIDGE". WORDSWORTH WAS BRITAIN'S POET
LAUREATE FROM 1843 UNTIL HIS DEATH
FROM PLEURISY ON 23 APRIL 1850.
■ O MAGNUM OPUS DE WORDSWORTH É GERALMENTE
CONSIDERADO THE PRELUDE, UM POEMA
SEMIAUTOBIOGRÁFICO DE SEUS PRIMEIROS ANOS, QUE
ELE REVISOU E EXPANDIU VÁRIAS VEZES. FOI TITULADO E
PUBLICADO POSTUMAMENTE, ANTES DO QUAL ERA
GERALMENTE CONHECIDO COMO "O POEMA DE
COLERIDGE". WORDSWORTH FOI POETA LAUREADO DA
COROA BRITÂNICA DE 1843 ATÉ SUA MORTE POR
PLEURISIA EM 23 DE ABRIL DE 1850.
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH –
THE PRELUDE (EXTRACT)
One summer evening (led by her) I found She was an elfin pinnace; lustily
A little boat tied to a willow tree I dipped my oars into the silent lake,
Within a rocky cove, its usual home. And, as I rose upon the stroke, my boat
Straight I unloosed her chain, and stepping in Went heaving through the water like a swan;
Pushed from the shore. It was an act of stealth When, from behind that craggy steep till then
And troubled pleasure, nor without the voice The horizon's bound, a huge peak, black and huge,
Of mountain-echoes did my boat move on; As if with voluntary power instinct,
Leaving behind her still, on either side, Upreared its head. I struck and struck again,
Small circles glittering idly in the moon, And growing still in stature the grim shape
Until they melted all into one track Towered up between me and the stars, and still,
Of sparkling light. But now, like one who rows, For so it seemed, with purpose of its own
Proud of his skill, to reach a chosen point And measured motion like a living thing,
With an unswerving line, I fixed my view Strode after me. With trembling oars I turned,
Upon the summit of a craggy ridge, And through the silent water stole my way
The horizon's utmost boundary; far above Back to the covert of the willow tree;
Was nothing but the stars and the grey sky. There in her mooring-place I left my bark, -
WILLIAM
WORDSWORTH –
THE PRELUDE
And through the meadows homeward went, in grave
And serious mood; but after I had seen
That spectacle, for many days, my brain
Or blank desertion. No familiar shapes
Remained, no pleasant images of trees,
Of sea or sky, no colours of green fields;
(EXTRACT)
Worked with a dim and undetermined sense
Of unknown modes of being; o'er my thoughts
But huge and mighty forms, that do not live
Like living men, moved slowly through the mind
There hung a darkness, call it solitude By day, and were a trouble to my dreams.
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE
■ SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE (21
OCTOBER 1772 – 25 JULY 1834) WAS AN
ENGLISH POET, LITERARY CRITIC,
PHILOSOPHER AND THEOLOGIAN WHO,
WITH HIS FRIEND WILLIAM
WORDSWORTH, WAS A FOUNDER OF
THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND
AND A MEMBER OF THE LAKE POETS. HE
WROTE THE POEMS THE RIME OF THE
ANCIENT MARINER AND KUBLA KHAN, AS
WELL AS THE MAJOR PROSE
■ (SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE
WORK BIOGRAPHIA LITERARIA. (21 DE OUTUBRO DE 1772 -
25 DE JULHO DE 1834) ERA UM POETA INGLÊS, CRÍTICO
LITERÁRIO, FILÓSOFO E TEÓLOGO QUE, COM SEU AMIGO
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, FOI UM DOS FUNDADORES DO
MOVIMENTO ROMÂNTICO NA INGLATERRA E UM MEMBRO
DOS POETAS DO LAGO. ELE ESCREVEU OS POEMAS THE
RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER E KUBLA KHAN, BEM COMO
O PRINCIPAL TRABALHO EM PROSA BIOGRAPHIA
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE – cont.
■ HIS CRITICAL WORK, ESPECIALLY ON WILLIAM
SHAKESPEARE, WAS HIGHLY INFLUENTIAL, AND HE
HELPED INTRODUCE GERMAN IDEALIST PHILOSOPHY
TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING CULTURE. COLERIDGE
COINED MANY FAMILIAR WORDS AND PHRASES,
INCLUDING SUSPENSION OF DISBELIEF. HE HAD A
MAJOR INFLUENCE ON RALPH WALDO EMERSON AND
ON AMERICAN TRANSCENDENTALISM.
PART I
It is an ancient Mariner He holds him with his glittering eye—
And he stoppeth one of three. The Wedding-Guest stood still,
‘By thy long grey beard and glittering eye, And listens like a three years’ child :
Now wherefore stopp’st thou me? The Mariner hath his will.
The Bridegroom’s doors are opened wide, The Wedding-Guest sat on a stone :
And I am next of kin ; He cannot choose but hear ;
The guests are met, the feast is set : And thus spake on that ancient man,
Mayst hear the merry din.’ The bright-eyed Mariner.’
He holds him with his skinny hand, ‘The ship was cheered, the harbour cleared,
‘There was a ship,’ quoth he. Merrily did we drop
‘Hold off ! unhand me, grey-beard loon !’ Below the kirk, below the hill,
Eftsoons his hand dropt he. Below the lighthouse top.
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE –
THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT
MARINER
PART I - CONT
The Sun came up upon the left, The Wedding-Guest he beat his breast,
Out of the sea came he ! Yet he cannot choose but hear ;
And he shone bright, and on the right And thus spake on that ancient man,
Went down into the sea. The bright-eyed Mariner.
Higher and higher every day, ‘And now the STORM-BLAST came, and he
Till over the mast at noon—’ Was tyrannous and strong :
The Wedding-Guest here beat his breast, He struck with his o’ertaking wings,
For he heard the loud bassoon. And chased us south along.
The bride hath paced into the hall, With sloping masts and dipping prow,
Red as a rose is she ; As who pursued with yell and blow
Nodding their heads before her goes Still treads the shadow of his foe,
The merry minstrelsy. And forward bends his head,
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE – THE
RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER
PART I - CONT
The ship drove fast, loud roared the blast,
And southward aye we fled.
At length did cross an Albatross,
And now there came both mist and snow, Thorough the fog it came ;
And it grew wondrous cold : As if it had been a Christian soul,
And ice, mast-high, came floating by, We hailed it in God’s name.
As green as emerald.
It ate the food it ne’er had eat,
And through the drifts the snowy clifts
And round and round it flew.
Did send a dismal sheen :
Nor shapes of men nor beasts we ken— The ice did split with a thunder-fit ;
The ice was all between. The helmsman steered us through !
The ice was here, the ice was there, And a good south wind sprung up behind ;
The ice was all around : The Albatross did follow,
It cracked and growled, and roared and howled, And every day, for food or play,
Like noises in a swound ! Came to the mariners’ hollo !
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE – THE
RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER
PART I - CONT
In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud, ‘God save thee, ancient Mariner !
It perched for vespers nine ; From the fiends, that plague thee thus !—
Whiles all the night, through fog-smoke white, Why look’st thou so?’—‘With my cross-bow
Glimmered the white Moon-shine.’ I shot the ALBATROSS.’
PART II
‘The Sun now rose upon the right : And I had done a hellish thing,
Out of the sea came he, And it would work ‘em woe :
Still hid in mist, and on the left For all averred, I had killed the bird
Went down into the sea. That made the breeze to blow.
Ah wretch ! said they, the bird to slay,
And the good south wind still blew behind, That made the breeze to blow !
But no sweet bird did follow,
Nor any day for food or play
Came to the mariners’ hollo !
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE – THE
RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER
PART II - CONT
Nor dim nor red, like God’s own head,
The glorious Sun uprist : All in a hot and copper sky,
Then all averred, I had killed the bird The bloody Sun, at noon,
That brought the fog and mist. Right up above the mast did stand,
’Twas right, said they, such birds to slay, No bigger than the Moon.
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, We stuck, nor breath nor motion ;
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY –
ODE TO THE WEST WIND – cont.
V
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY –
ODE TO THE WEST WIND
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY
– ODE TO THE WEST
WIND
JOHN KEATS
■ JOHN KEATS (31 OCTOBER 1795 – 23
FEBRUARY 1821) WAS AN
ENGLISH ROMANTIC POET. HE WAS ONE OF
THE MAIN FIGURES OF THE SECOND
GENERATION OF ROMANTIC POETS, ALONG
WITH LORD BYRON AND PERCY BYSSHE
SHELLEY, DESPITE HIS WORKS HAVING BEEN
IN PUBLICATION FOR ONLY FOUR YEARS
BEFORE HIS DEATH AT AGE 25 IN THE YEAR
1821.
■ (JOHN KEATS (31 DE OUTUBRO DE 1795 - 23
DE FEVEREIRO DE 1821) ERA UM POETA DO
ROMANTISMO INGLÊS. ELE FOI UMA DAS
PRINCIPAIS FIGURAS DA SEGUNDA GERAÇÃO
DE POETAS ROMÂNTICOS, JUNTAMENTE
COM LORD BYRON E PERCY BYSSHE
SHELLEY, APESAR DE SUAS OBRAS TEREM
SIDO PUBLICADAS POR APENAS QUATRO
ANOS ANTES DA SUA MORTE AOS 25 ANOS
JOHN KEATS – cont.
■ THE POETRY OF KEATS IS CHARACTERISED BY SENSUAL
IMAGERY, MOST NOTABLY IN THE SERIES OF ODES. THIS IS
TYPICAL OF ROMANTIC POETS, AS THEY AIMED TO
ACCENTUATE EXTREME EMOTION THROUGH THE
EMPHASIS OF NATURAL IMAGERY. TODAY HIS POEMS AND
LETTERS ARE SOME OF THE MOST POPULAR AND MOST
ANALYSED IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. SOME OF THE MOST
ACCLAIMED WORKS OF KEATS ARE "I STOOD TIP-TOE
UPON A LITTLE HILL", "SLEEP AND POETRY", AND THE
FAMOUS SONNET "ON FIRST LOOKING INTO CHAPMAN'S
HOMER".
■ (A POESIA DE KEATS É CARACTERIZADA POR IMAGENS
SENSUAIS, PRINCIPALMENTE NA SÉRIE DE ODES. ISSO É
TÍPICO DOS POETAS ROMÂNTICOS, POIS VISAVAM
ACENTUAR A EMOÇÃO EXTREMA ATRAVÉS DA ÊNFASE
DAS IMAGENS NATURAIS. HOJE, SEUS POEMAS E LETRAS
SÃO ALGUNS DOS MAIS POPULARES E MAIS ANALISADOS
NA LITERATURA INGLESA. ALGUMAS DAS OBRAS MAIS
JOHN KEATS –
ODE TO A GRECIAN URN
Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness,
Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,
Sylvan historian, who canst thus express
A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:
What leaf-fring'd legend haunts about thy shape
Of deities or mortals, or of both,
In Tempe or the dales of Arcady?
What men or gods are these? What maidens loth?
What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape?
What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?
JOHN KEATS –
ODE TO A GRECIAN URN – cont.
■ EXTENDED RIGHT TO
VOTE TO WORKING
CLASS IN ENGLAND
AND WALES
■ (ESTENDEU O
DIREITO DE VOTO À
CLASSE
TRABALHADORA NA
INGLATERRA E PAÍS
DE GALES)
THE TIME OF TROUBLES - 1830’S AND
1840’S
(TEMPO DE PROBLEMAS – 1830 E 1840)
■ UNEMPLOYMENT
■ (DESEMPREGO)
■ POVERTY
■ (POBREZA)
■ RIOTING
■ (PROTESTOS)
THE TIME OF TROUBLES - 1830’S AND
1840’S
(TEMPO DE PROBLEMAS – 1830 E 1840)
■ THE CUSTODY ACT (1839) – GAVE A MOTHER THE RIGHT TO PETITION THE
COURT FOR ACCESS TO HER MINOR CHILDREN AND CUSTODY OF CHILDREN
UNDER SEVEN AND LATER SIXTEEN.
■ (O ATO DE CUSTÓDIA (1839) – DEU À MÃE DIREITO DE PEDIR À CORTE ACESSO
AOS FILHOS MENORES E A CUSTÓDIA DE CRIANÇAS MENORES DE SETE ANOS,
DEPOIS DEZESSEIS ANOS)
■ THE DIVORCE AND MATRIMONIAL CAUSES ACT – ESTABLISHED A CIVIL
DIVORCE COURT
■ (OS ATOS DO DIVÓRCIO E CAUSAS MATRIMONIAIS – ESTABELECERAM A
CORTE DO DIVÓRCIO CIVIL)
■ MARRIED WOMEN’S PROPERTY ACTS
■ (ATOS DE PROPRIEDADE DA MULHER CASADA)
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN
(OPORTUNIDADES EDUCACIONAIS PARA AS MULHERES)