KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 1

1.1 Real Numbers

TEM
1.2

SYS
Complex Numbers

ERB
NUM
1.3
Indices, Surds and
Logarithms
2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
(a) define natural numbers , whole numbers ,
integers , prime numbers, rational numbers and
irrational numbers .
(b) represent rational and irrational numbers in
decimal form.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 3
(c) represent the relationship of number sets in a
real number system diagrammatically showing
N W  Z  Q Q Q  
and .
(d) represent open, closed and half-open intervals

and their representations 
on the number line.
(e) simplify union, and intersection, of two or
more intervals with the aid of number line.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 4
NDUCTION SET

TRY THIS OUT !!!

MOVE ANY ONE DIGIT TO CORRECT THE FOLLOWING :

101 – 102 = 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 5
 Types of Real Number
Types of real Symbol Number set Description
number
1. N N={ 1,2,3,….} Positive numbers that are
Natural used for counting.
Numbers
Natural number that are
a) Prime { 2,3,5,7,…..} greater than one that can be
divided by itself and 1 only.
Numbers

b) Non Prime { 1,4,6,8,..…..} Natural numbers other than

number prime numbers

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 6
 Types of Real Number
Types of real Symbol Number set Description
number
2. Whole W W={ 0,1,2,3,….} Natural number including
numbers zero
3. Integers Z Z = {..-2,- Whole number including
1,0,1,2,3,..} their negatives
a. Positive
Integers Z+ Z+ = {1,2,3,….}
b. Negative
Integers Z- Z- = {..-3,-2,-1}

Even numbers { 2k, k  Z }

Odd numbers { 2k + 1, k  Z }
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 7
 Types of Real Number
4. Rational a -The digit(s) ends as fix answer or
Q Q , accurate value:
numbers b
a and b  Z Eg: 1 3
 0. 5  0.75
2 4
b0
-The digit(s) after the decimal
points repeats itself
Eg: 5
 0.4545...  0.45
11
7
 2.3333...  2.3
3

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 8
 Types of Real Number
5. Irrational For an irrational number the decimal
Q representation is non-repeating.
numbers
-eg:
3  1.732050808...
e  2.71828182845...
  3.14159...
6. Real R The combination of rational numbers
numbers and irrational numbers form the real
numbers system

R  Q Q

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 9
 Relationship of Number Sets


Q
Z W N


Q

This diagram show that N  W  Z  Q  R

and R  Q  Q
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 10
 Real Number, 

Rational Number, Q Irrational Number, Q

Integer, Z


Negative Integer, Z
Whole Number, W
Zero

Positive Integer, Z Natural Number, N
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 11
Example 1

For the set of {-5, -3, -1, 0, 3, 8}, identify the

set of :
(a) natural numbers
(b) whole numbers
(c) prime numbers
(d) even numbers
(e) negative integers
(f) odd numbers

KMS/QS015_MATH/2016_17 12
Example 2

Given
2 1
S = { -9, 7, 2,e, 0, 4, 0.16, , 4, ,5.1212…}
5 3
identify the set of :

(a) N (b) W (c) Z

(d) Q (e) Q (f) R

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 13
Solution:
2 1
S = { -9, 7 ,  ,e, 0, 4, 0.16, 4, ,
2
,5.1212…}
5 3
(a) N
(b) W
(c) Z
(d) Q
(e) Q
(f) R 14
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
The Number Line
2
Real numbers such as –3.5, 3
and  can be represented on
a real number line

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

3.5 2 
3
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 15
a
n
All sets of real numbers between a and b can be
written in the form of intervals as shown below.
d

Representation on
a
n

b Type of Intervals Inequalities

the number line
e

axb
r

[a,b]
i
t
t
e
n

axb
i

(a,b)
n

t
h
e

axb
f

(a,b]
o
r
m

[a,b) axb
OPEN INTERVAL : (a,b) HALF-OPEN INTERVAL : (a,b]
CLOSED INTERVAL : [a,b]
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
[a,b)
16
 Inequalities Representation on
Type of Interval
the number line
( , b) xb a b

( , b] xb a b

(a, ) xa
[a, ) xa a b

OPEN INTERVAL : ( , b) , (a, )

HALF-OPEN INTERVAL : ( 
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
, b] , [a,  ) 17
Example 3

State the type of intervals

and represent it on the real number line.

(a) [-1, 4] (b) (2, 5)

(c) [2, ) (d) {x : x ≤ 0, x  R}

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 18
Solution

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 19
 Intersection  and Union  of Intervals
If A = [1,6) and B = (-2,4) ; then

A ∩ B = [1, 4) is a half-open interval

A U B = (-2, 6) is an open interval
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 20
Example 4

Simplify the following using the number line.

(a) [0,5) U (4,7)

(b) (-∞, 5) ∩ (-1,9)
(c) (-∞,0] U [0, )
(d) (-∞,0] ∩ [0, )
(e) (-∞,0) ∩ (0, )
(f) ((-4,2) U (0,4]) ∩ [-2,2)

(g) (-∞, -3) U (-3, ∞)

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 21
Solution

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 22
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 23
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 24
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 25
Relationship of Number Sets


Q Z W N


Q
NWZQR
and

RQ Q
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 26
 The Number Line
Real numbers can be represented on
a real number line
• (a, b) - open interval
• [a, b] - closed interval
• [a, b) & (a, b] - half-open intervals
• [a, ∞) & (-∞, b] - half-open intervals

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
27
 EXERCISE :

1. Given A = [2, 5], B = (-3, 5], C = (-7, 7) and D = [-3, ).

Find :
(a) A B (b) A B
(c) A C D (d) C  D  A
ANSWERS : (a) [2, 5] (b) (-3, 5]
(c) [2, 5] (d) [2, 5]

Tutorial questions no:1 & 2

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 28
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
(a) represent a complex number in Cartesian form.
(b) define the equality of two complex numbers.
(c) determine the conjugate of a complex number .
(d) perform algebraic operations on complex
numbers.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 29
 INDUCTION SET
Look at this equation
x2 + 1 = 0
This equation does not have real roots as we cannot find the value for
x since x =   1 .
This problem was encountered by Heron Alexandra.
One hundred years later, Mahavira from India stated that a
negative value does not have square root because there is no number
that can be squared to produce it.
In 1637, Descrates of France, introduced
‘real numbers’ and ‘imaginary numbers’.
This idea was used by Euler from Switzerland who defined
imaginary numbers as real multiples of  1 in 1948.
However ‘COMPLEX NUMBER’ was introduced hundred years later
by Gauss from Germany (1832).
 
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 30
 Complex Numbers

Complex number consist of two parts,

the real part - Re(z) and the imaginary part – Im(z)
If z is a complex number, then z can be written
as z = x + y i , where x is a real part and yi is the
imaginary part and x,y  R

real part Imaginary

part
x, y  R
z=x+yi
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 RC 31
Complex number are not ordered and cannot be
represented on a real number line

C


Q Z W N

Q
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 32
What is i
i  1  R
2

Consider this equation i 1  R

x  1
2

Since the square of any real number is

non-negative, the above equation has
no solution in the set of real numbers.
 1 is called the imaginary number
i = 1 KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 33
Lets try this:
4 2 2
i 1 i  i i
 1  1
2
i  ii 1
  1  1
 1 i  i i i i i
15 4 4 4 2 1

3
i  i i 2  1  1  1  1  i
 1  i  i
 i
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 34
Example 1
Express the following in terms of i .

(a) 4 (b) 7

9
(c)  (d )  96
4

(e) 9 8
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 35
Solution :

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 36
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 37
 Basic Operation of Complex Numbers

(a) Addition/Subtraction

(i)  2  3i    4  5i    2  4    3  5  i

(ii)  10  2i    5  i    10  5  2i  i

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 38
(b) Multiplication

(i)  2  3i   2  3i   4  6i  6i  9
RC
(ii)
 3  2i  10  3i   30  9i  20i  6i 2

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 39
EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

a + bi = c + d i

If and only if a = c and b = d

eg : x  yi  2  3i
x  2, y  3

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 40
 CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBER

If z = a + bi, then its conjugate is

denoted by z or z and written as

z = a – bi.
The conjugate of a complex number is obtain
by changing the sign of the imaginary part.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 41
Example 2:
State the conjugate of the following
complex numbers.

(a) z  2  i,
(b)
z  3  8i ,
z  8  6i ,
(c)
(d)
z  i  3,
(e) z  i  4,
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 42
 NOTES :
Any complex number a + bi has a complex
conjugate a - bi and
( a +bi )( a- bi ) = a2+b2 is a real number.

This fact is used in simplifying expressions

where the denominator of a
quotient/fraction/ratio is a complex number.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 43
 Product of a Complex Number
and its Conjugate

( a + bi )( a - b i ) = a2 – abi + abi – b2i2

= a2 – b2i2 (real number)
=a +b
2 2

eg : ( 2  3i )( 2  3i )  4  9i
2

 49
 13
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 44
 Basic Operation of Complex Numbers
(c) Division
Example 3 : Simplify the expressions.
2 4 5  3i
a) b) c)
3i 1  10i  7  6i
Solution:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 45
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 46
Example 4
2 i
If z = 1 i , find z in the form of a + bi.

Solution:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 47
Example 5 :
Given z1  2  5i and z 2  3  2i .
Find :
z1 1
a) b) z1 
z2 z2
in the form of a + bi .

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 48
Solution:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 49
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 50
 Solving equations
We can also solve equations with complex
numbers:
Example 6 :

Solve the following equations for the complex

number z.
a) 6  2i  (1  3i )  z

b) ( 3  i ) z  3  11 i

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 51
Solution:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 52
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 53
Example 7:
Given the complex number z  a  bi
and z , its conjugate satisfy the
equation zz  6i  12  2 zi find z .
Solution:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 54
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 55
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 56
Example 8 :

Find the complex number if its imaginary part is

negative and its conjugate satisfies the following
equation. 2
Z  5  12i
Solution:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 57
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
58
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 59
 real the
part imaginary
Complex Number
part
x, y  R z=x+yi
RC
COMPLEX NUMBERS

IMAGINARY NUMBER REAL NUMBER

i  1
2

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
i 1 60
 EXERCISE :
1) Write the following complex numbers in the form x + yi .

(a) (3 +2i) + ( 2 + 4i) Ans: (a) 5 + 6i

(b) (4 + 3i) - ( 2 + 5i) (b) 2 – 2i
(c) (3 + 2i)( 4 - 3i ) (c) 18 – i

2) Solve for z when

4 7
ANS : (a )  i
(a) z( 2 + i) = 3 – 2i 5 5
(b) (z + i)(1 – i) = 2 + 3i 1 3
(b)   i
2 2
1 1 3
(c)   11 17
(c )  i
  z 2  i 1 i 41 41
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 61
 3) Find the values of the real numbers x and y
in each of the following :

x y
(a)  1 4 5
1  i 1  2i ANS : (a ) x  , y 
3 3
x yi 2 (b) x  4 , y  6
(b)  
2  i i  3 1 i
4) Express (3  i )(1  2i ) in the form of a  bi .
(1  3i ) 2

1 7
ANS :   i
10 10
Tutorial questions no:3,4,5,13 KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 62
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

(e) represent a complex number in polar form
where r > 0 and .

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 63
 Complex Number Geomatric
Interpretation : Argand Diagram
• A complex number can be visually represented
as a pair of numbers forming a vector on a diagram
called an Argand diagram.
If z = a + bi , the Argand diagram shown
as below Im (imaginary axis) Also can be
represented by
P(a,b) point P
b bi
+
a
z=
Re (real axis)
a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 64
Modulus And Argument of a Complex Number
Im (imaginary axis)

2 ) P (a,b)
2+
b
b √(a
│ =
│ z

Re (real axis)
0 a

The length OP is called the modulus of the

complex number z = a + bi and is written as
a + bi so that
a + bi = z = (a + b2)
2

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 65
 For z = a + bi in
in radian or 
y (imaginary axis)

the first
b P(a,b) quadrant
z 


0 a x (real axis)

The angle  is called the argument of z = a + bi

and is written as Arg ( z ).  must be between the
positive x-axis and the line of the complex number
on the Argand diagram.
b
arg(z) = θ = tan   , -π < θ  π
-1

a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 66
NOTE :
For the complex numbers which are not in
the first quadrant , first find the basic angle


 b 
where   tan  
1

 a 

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 67
Example 1
Represent these complex numbers in
Argand diagram and calculate the modulus
and argument of each:

(a) z = 1 + i

(b) z = - 4 + i

(c) z = - 2 – 2 i

(d) z = 2 – i
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 68
Solution:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 69
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 70
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 71
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 72
Example 2
Given z 1  2  i and z 2  1  3i .
Find
a ) z 1z 2 and Arg ( z 1z 2 )
 z2 
b ) Arg  
 z1 

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 73
Solution:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 74
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 75
Example 3
If and , find the modulus
and argument of each of the following

(a) a + 2b
(b) 2a - b
(c) ib
Solution:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 76
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 77
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 78
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 79
 A Polar Form of a Complex Number
y (imaginary axis)

A (a,b)
r b

x (real axis)
0 a

Let z = a + bi is represented by a point A(a , b) on an

Argand diagram.
If r  a  b
2 2
 z
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 80
 a
Then cos    a  r cos 
r
b
and sin    b  r sin 
r
A polar form of a
Therefore we can write
complex number
z = a + bi z
 r cos  i r sin 
z  r (cos  i sin  )
where r is the modulus and θ is the argument .
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 81
Example 4
Express the following complex numbers in
polar forms :

(a) z = -2 + 2i
(b) z =  3  i
( 1  i ) (2  i )
(c) z = 1 i

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 82
Solution

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 83
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 84
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 85
Example 5
( p  qi )
Solve for p and q where p  q such that  (3  16  i 3 )
3i

Solution

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 86
 2 2 b
-1
If z = a + bi , then z = a +b and θ = tan  
a
 b 
1
If z is in the 2 quadrant :
nd
    tan  
 a 
 1  b 

If z is in the 3rd quadrant :       tan  
  a 
1  b 
If z is in the 4th quadrant :    tan  
 a 
The polar form : z  r (cos   i sin  )
where r = z and θ = argument of z
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 87
Quadrant 2 : -a + bi Quadrant 1 : a + bi
Im Im
b b
    tan 1
  tan  
1

a a
b b


Re Re
a a

Quadrant 3 : -a - bi Quadrant 4 : a - bi
Im
Im
a
Re a
Re
b  b 
    tan 1
b
a b    tan 1
a

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 88
EXERCISE :
1) Find the polar form of complex number below:

a) z  5  12i ANS : z  13(cos1.18rad  i sin 1.18rad )

b) z  8  6i ANS : z  10(cos(0.644rad )  i sin( 0.644rad ))

2) Find the polar form of complex number below:

a) z  5  4i ANS : z  41(cos 0.785  i sin 0.785 )

b) z  3  9i ANS : z  3 10 (cos(0.602 )  i sin(0.602 ))

Tutorial questions no:17

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 89
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

(a) state the rules of indices .
(b) explain the meaning of a surd and its
conjugate, and to carry out algebraic
operations on surds.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 90
Definition 1

For all a  R and n  Z (positive integer),
and a  0

a  a  a 
     ........  a  a n

n factors of a
a = base a to the
n = exponent or power or index power
of n
an = an exponentialKMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
expression 91
Definition 2

For all a  R and n  Z , Zero

 index
a  1
n
, n0
 Positive
a  a  a  a  ...  a , n  0
n
index
 1
n
a  n Negative
 a index
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 92
Definition 3
If a is a real number, m and n are integers for which
is realn then
a ;
Ratio index

m
 
m
a n  n
a  a n m

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 93
 NOTE
(a) a  1
0

n 1
(b) a  n
a
1
(c ) a  a
n n

m
(d ) a  a  ( a )
n n m
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
n m
94
 mn
1. a a a
m n
4. n
(ab)  a b n n
m
2. a mn
n
a a
n
a n
a 5.    n
b b
3. a  
m n
a mn
,b  0
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 95
Example 1

Without using calculator, evaluate :

1 3

a) 36 2 b) 9 2

3 1
 
 1  2  1 11  2
c)   d)  
 25   25 
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 96
Solution:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 97
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 98
Example 2

Simplify the following :

(a) 3 3
5 6
(b)
18 x y 2 5

4
34 3x y
n2
2 3 9 n
(c)(3m )  4m
2 3
(d)
n
27
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 99
Solution:

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 100
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 101
 What is a SURD?

A surd is an irrational number in the form of

n
a where and which is expressed
in terms of root signs.

n
a
Irrational numbers which are SURD: 2, 3
7, 5
Irrational numbers which are NOT SURD:  ,e
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
102
 Is 9 known
as a surd ?

n
No, because 3 is
a not an irrational
number.

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 103
 RULES OF SURD

1. a b  ab
a a
2. 
b b
3. a b  c b   a  c  b
NOTE : a and b are positive real numbers
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 104
 CAUTION

a b  ab
2 5  2  5  10
2  5  (2)( 5)  10
NOTE : a and b are positive real numbers
 2   5   2 i  5 i 
 10 i   10
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_182 105
 CAUTION

ab a b
      b
2 2 2
a b  a
Note :  a  b    a  b  a  b 
2

 a  ab  ab  b
 a  b  2 ab
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 106
 DEFINITION 1
Surd conjugate of  a b  is  a b 
 a b  a b 
 a  a b  a b b  a b

 a b  a b   a  b a  bQ
R  Q Q
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
107
EXAMPLE 3

Simplify  3 2 2 3 2 
SOLUTION

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 108
EXAMPLE 4

Simplify the following

a. 24

b. 6 7  2 7

c . 5 3  27

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 109
SOLUTION

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 110
 RATIONALISING THE DENOMINATOR
When square roots occur in quotients, it is
customary to rewrite the quotient so that the
denominator contains no square roots.
In rationalising the denominator of a quotient,
be sure to multiply both the numerator and the
denominator by the same expression.

a numerator

b deno min ator
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 111
 RATIONALISING THE DENOMINATOR
IF DENOMINATOR TO OBTAIN
CONTAINS THE MULTIPLY BY DENOMINATOR FREE
FACTOR FROM SURDS

3 3  3  3 2

3 1 3 1  3 1  2
2
2

23 23  2   3  7
2
2

5 3 5 3  5   3  2
2 2

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 112
 a b a b
a b  a b
These expressions
are conjugates of
ab  a b
one another

NOTE: The choice of multiplier is by no means

accidental. When more complicated expressions
need rationalising the multiplier is simply the
conjugate ofKMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
the original denominator. 113
EXAMPLE 5 :

Rationalise the following ;

14 1
(a) (b)
7 7 2
23 1  2  1  2 
(c ) (d )   
2 1 1  2  1  2 

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 114
SOLUTION

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 115
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 116
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 117
 Definition
(a) For all a  R and n  Z  (positive integer), a n

a = base
n = exponent or power or index
an = an exponential expression
a to the
power
of n
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 118
(b) For all a  R and n  Z ,

a n  1 ,n0

a  a.a.a.....a , n  0
n

 1
n
a  n
 a

(c) If a is a real number, m and n are integers for

which is real then ;
m
 
m
a n  n
a  a
n m
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 119
 RULES OF SURD
1. a b  ab
a a
2. 
b b
3. a b  c b   a  c  b
NOTE : a and b are positive real numbers
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 120
EXERCISE :
1) Simplify the following in the form of ab c
1
a) 2 2  7 8  4  8 32 ANS : 22 2
2
3 3 2 6
b) ANS : 2 
2 3 2 2
2) Find the value of each of the following
1
.
1
 16 

4 2

(a ) 32 5
(b) 125 (c)   (d ) (0.2)
3 3

9
1 1
ANS : (a ) 2 (b) (c) 1 (d ) 125
625 3
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 121
3. Simplify each of the following .
5 7

r r
2 2

(a) 1

r 2

(b) 5  10  20  2
n 1 n 2n 3n

ANS : (a ) r (1  r ) (b) 5
2

Tutorial questions no:6,7,8,9,14,15

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 122
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 123
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
(c) state the laws of logarithms such as
• loga MN = loga M + loga N,
M
• loga  N  = loga M - loga N and
 
• loga MN = N loga M

(d) change the base of logarithm using

loga M =  log b M 
 log a 
 b 

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 124
 Definition:
If a, n  R+ and n = a x, then log a n = x
where a 0.

If a=10, log 10 n = x “common

 logarithm”

If a=e , log e n = x “ natural logarithm”

or
“ Napier logarithm”
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 125
NOTES
log e n = ln n

log 10 n = log n

ln e = 1 & log 10 = 1

log 1 = 0 & log a a=1

log a n
a n
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 126
Index Logarithm
100  10 2
log 10 100  2
y5 x
log 5 y  x
1 log b a  1
a
b
m
log 5    n
m  2(5 ) n
2

ye 3x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
ln y  3 x 127
 NOTES 2  8  log 2 8  3
3

3 1 1
2   log 2  3
8 8
2  3  log 2 (3)  x
x

2  3 Doesn’t exist or no solution

x

because 2 0
x

Log of a negative number does not exist.

Log of a positive number can have negative
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 128
value.
 Laws of logarithm

If a, M, N  R+ and p  R, then
a) log a MN  log a M  log a N

b)

p
c) log a M  p log a M

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 129
(a) log a MN  log a M  log a N

logaMN = logaM + logaN

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 130
 M
log a  log a M  log a N
(b) N
Let logaM = x and logaN = y
Then M = ax and N = ay
M  N  a a x y

M x y
a
N
M
log a  x y
N
M
log a logaM - logaN
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
N 131
 p
(c) log a M  p log a M

Let logaM = x
Then M = ax
Mp = (ax)p
Mp = apx
logaMp = px
logaMp = p logaM
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 132
 CAUTION!

log a ( M  N )  log a M  log a N

(log a M )  p log a M
p

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 133
Example 1
Simplify the following logarithm:
1
a) log 16  log 32
2

b) log 21  log 7  log 3


c)  log 81  log 2 32
 d)
 log 9  log 2 4
 
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 134
Solution

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 135
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 136
 A general formula for changing
from base a to base b

 log b M 
log a M   
 log b a 

PROVE: Let log a M  x

M  a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
x
137
Take log base b on both sides,
log b M  log b a x

 x log b a
log b M
x 
log b a
 log b M 
 log a M   
 log b a 
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 138
If M=b, then
log b b
log a b 
log b a
1
 log a b 
log b a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 139
Example 2

Given that a  log x 2 and log x 3.

9 x
Express log x ( ) in terms of a and b
4

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 140
Solution

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 141
Example 3
Given that log 2  0.301and log 7  0.8451
Evaluate:
a) log 2 7
b) log 2 28

c) log 7 98
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 142
Solution

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
143
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 144
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 145
 Laws of logarithm
If a, M, N  R+ and p  R, then
 log b M 
a) log a MN  log a M  log a N log a M   
 log b a 
If b=M, then
1
log a M 
c) log a M  p log a M
p log b a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
146
EXERCISE :
1) Without using calculator, simplify log 2  log3 81 .
ANS : 4

2) Express each of the following in terms of log x, log y and log z .

xy 2
1
(a ) log (b) log  (c) log x y 2 3

z  xy 
1 1
Ans : (a ) log x  log y  log z
2 2
(b)  log x  log y
(c) 2 log x  3 log y
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 147
 3) Simplify the following.
1
(a ) log16  log 2
2
1
(b) log 64  2 log 4  log 18
2
3 3 3

log 81
(c )
log 9
ANS : (a ) log 2 (b) 2 (c) 2

Tutorial questions no:10,11,12,16

KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 148