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PETE 444
Oct. 7
Conventional and
Unconventional Gas
2
Gas Well Deliverability
• Purpose
• History of Deliverability Testing
• Numeric Example
• Theoretical Basis
• Complications
3
Purpose of Deliverability Testing
4
History of Deliverability Testing
5
History of Deliverability Testing
8
Backpressure test
setup, ca. 1935
9
10
Rawlins & Schellhardt Report
• The backpressure equation:
11
Backpressure Test
By rearranging the backpressure equation we confirm that n is
the inverse slope of the plot:
Q C P P
f
2
s
2 n
Q
log n log Pf2 Ps2
C
Q
log Pf Ps log
2 2 1
n C
log Pf Ps log Q log(C )
2 2 1 1
n n
y mx b, m 1/ n
12
Backpressure Test
• A series of stabilized flow rates made at various
(decreasing) wellhead backpressures, starting with shut-in
conditions
• Gas vented to atmosphere or flows to pipeline
• Compute sand-face pressure (wellbore pressure in flow)
• Plot P2formation - P2sandface vs. gas rate, Q on log paper
• Can determine well deliverability at any (sand-face)
backpressure
• Compute an “Absolute Open Flow” (AOF) as defined as
gas rate at Psandface=Patm for comparison between wells.
– Rawlins & Schellhardt often disregarded Patm in calculated AOF
for high pressure wells
• Slope of line is 1/n
13
What about “n?”
14
Example Problem 7.1
15
Pf2 = 4502 = 202,500
4
3
1
QAOF = 40,000MSCFD
16
The other piece of information that is usually desired is the flow
exponent n. We start by obtaining the slope of the line, using the
first and last data point,
y 2 - y1 log(63371) - log(13275)
m= = = 1.285
x 2 - x1 log(17180) - log(5090)
17
In modern nomenclature
- the formation pressure is denoted by pR
- the flowing sandface pressure is called pwf
Therefore our backpressure equation now looks like,
n
qsc C p p 2
R
2
wf
18
Theoretical Basis
Setting aside the empirical description of gas flow in a reservoir,
we can derive another equation, based on the following
assumptions:
19
Henry Darcy (1803-1858)
– French engineer
– Studied the workings
of public fountains
(very big in Europe
before cinemas and
AM radio)
– Conducted experiments in
vertical sand packs
– Derived equation to
describe the flow of water
through porous media (sand
filters)
20
Theoretical Basis
(Pf)
rR
22
Steady State Flow Equation Derivation
23
• continuity:
1q1 2q2 scqsc const
• equation of state:
pM
zRT
24
• separate the variables:
qsc pscT z dr
pdp
Tsc 2 kh r
sc
26
Klinkenberg Effect
• L.J. Klinkenberg paper, 1941
• At low pressures, gas can “slip” through the pores without
creating a boundary layer
• Permeability, k, to gas is not constant
• Found to be applicable to core testing conditions
• Apparent perm, ka related to true k by:
b b
k a k 1 k k
p p
intercept = true k∞
28
Inertial and Turbulent Effects
• Deviations from the (laminar) Darcy law occur because of
– Porous media geometry
• Tortuous paths
• Variation in cross-sectional flow area
– High velocity => turbulence
• These effects were identified by
– Forchheimer (1901)
• Turbulence in vertical sand packs
– Klinkenberg (1941)
• Pressure dependence of permeability
– Houpeurt (1959)
• Turbulent term in natural gas flow, radial coordinates
– Various authors
• Turbulence can correlated to rock properties
29
Turbulent Flow in Porous Media
Turbulent flow in porous media can also be defined in
terms of the (dimensionless) Reynolds number:
q
Re
A
where
q is volumetric flow rate Re small: Laminar
is fluid density Re large: Turbulent
is viscosity
is porosity
is average sand grain diameter
(the characteristic dimension)
32
Example Solution 7.1
A graphic solution for any backpressure test is easy to obtain.
P
First, calculate the term f
2
- P 2
s and plot against flow rate, Q;
P
We then find that at f
2
= 450 2
= 202,500
the corresponding value of flow rate is QAOF = 40,000MSCFD 33