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Introduction
• Protists are eukaryotes and include unicellular (e.g., amoeba) and
multicellular forms (e.g., algae)
pore
Spongiome
tubules ampulla
Vacuole
Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction is commonly encountered among protozoans
• Some reproduce asexually through fission, a controlled mitotic
replication of chromosomes and splitting of the parent into two or
more parts
• Binary fission - protozoan splits into two individuals
• Multiple fission many nuclear divisions precede the rapid
differentiation of the cytoplasm into many distinct individuals
• Budding a portion of the parent breaks off and differentiates into a
new individual
fission
Reproduction cont.
Amoeba
Radiolarian
Phylum Ciliophora
• Exclusive to freshwater
• Cilia or ciliary organelles present in at least one stage of the life
cycle.
• The ciliates are unique in that they possess 2 kinds of nuclei: a
large macronucleus and one or more smaller micronuclei.
• The macronucleus controls the normal metabolism of the cell,
while the micronuclei are concerned with sexual reproduction.
Ciliophoran Reproduction
• Asexually via binary fission; sexually via conjugation.
• 2 individual align and partially fuse; all but one micronucleus in
each cell disintegrates.
• The partners swap one micronucleus; this micronucleus then
fuses to another micronucleus, forming a diploid organism with
genetic material from the 2 individuals.
conjugation
Phylum Apicomplexa
• This is an exclusively
parasitic group of
protozoans that lack
locomotory organelles,
except during certain
reproductive stages.
• They possess a
characteristic set or
organelles called the apical
complex, which aids in
penetrating host cells.
• Includes parasites that
cause malaria (e.g.,
Plasmodium) to humans;
apical complex
mosquitoes serve as vectors