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根據法西斯主義研究的新學術共識,《世界法西斯:一歷史百科全
書》定義法西斯主義為 :
一種具革命形式的極致民族主義,此民族主義決心要動員所有「健
康的」社會和政治能量,以抵抗其認定造成民族衰敗的威脅,以實
現國族或民族脫胎換骨的目標。該民族主義方案涉及政治文化的復
興,包括支撐政治的社會及倫理文化的重生,而在某些案例此重生
包括了基於種族學說的優生學概念的復興重生。
根據法西斯的跨國比較及世界史研究總結出的定義,通用、泛型的
法西斯主義有三項核心要素:極致民族主義、革命、及復興。
The Rise and Fall of Western
Civilization since 1400
The Rise and Fall of Western
Civilization since 1400
Other than in Russia, the European Empires
disintegrated 瓦 解 after World War II, civil rights
movements 民權運動 , decolonialization movements
解 殖 運 動 and widescale multi-ethnic, multi-faith
migrations to Europe, the Americas and Oceania
altered the earlier predominance of European forces in
Western culture.
Absolute monarchy 绝 对 君 主 制 was abolished.
European nations moved towards greater economic
and political co-operation through the European
Union.
The Rise and Fall of Western
Civilization since 1400
After the end of the Cold War in 1989, the Western capitalist world
retains significant global economic power and cultural influence.
The West has contributed a great many technological, political,
philosophical, artistic and religious aspects to modern international
culture.
e.g. the birth of participatory democracy, the first major
civilization to seek to abolish slavery during the 19th century, the
first to enfranchise women in social and political realms and the
continual development of environmentally-saving technologies etc.
The West also invented cinema, television, the personal computer
and the Internet; produced a wide range of artists; developed
different kinds of, and transported humans to an astronomical object
for the first time with the 1969 Apollo 11 Lunar Landing and so on.
The Rise and Fall of Western
Civilization since 1400
However, it is also true that the global influences (especially
the economic impacts) of the Western powers have declined
gradually ever since towards the beginning of the 21 st century
(especially in the wake of the global financial tsunami in 2008).
Probing questions:
Do you think that our contemporary world has moved towards
a more balanced distribution of power between the Eastern and
Western countries?
Do you think that our Chinese civilization can become a force
to be reckoned (if not being revived 復興 ) again in the global
cultural sphere in this age of China’s rise ( 中國崛起 )?