1.

DENSITY
 Mass Density: ( ρ )
“Mass density is the mass per unitm volume.”
It is denoted by ρ (ro).
ρ = m/v
It is also called “Specific Mass”.
Its Units are kg/m3.
 Weight Density: ( w )
“Weight density is the weight per unit volume.”
It is denoted by w
w= W/v
It is also called “Specific Weight”.
Its Units are N/m3.
 1.Density (cont..)
 Relative Density: ( γ )
 In case of Liquid:
“Relative density is the ratio of density of given liquid to the density
of water at 40c”.
γ = p given liq/pH2O at 4oc

 In case of gases:
“Relative density is the ratio of density of given gas to the standard
density of air”.
γ = p given gas/ stand. density of air

 Standard density of water = 1000 kg/m3

 1.Density (cont..)
 Specific volume:
It is the inverse of mass density.
v= V/m
Where,
v = specific volume
V= volume of fluid
 2.Compressibilty
 Compressibility:
“It is the degree to which a fluid undergoes reduction in
volume due to increase / application of pressure”.
ζ = compressibility α T and P
 Bulk Modulus: (k)
“The resistance to volumetric strain.”
k = change in Pressure .
change in volumetric strain

k = - dP
(dV/V)
 dP= change in pressure
 -ve sign shows the decrease in volume
 3. Viscosity
 Viscosity:
“Viscosity is the resistance to fluid flow.”
 At a specific temperature, viscosity remains constant.
 For lubrication, we use high viscous fluids. Because
these fluids have high density and their lubrication
time is more than low viscous fluids.
 For Power transmission, we use low viscous fluids
because high velocity is needed. Low dense fluids
have high velocity & provide less friction.
 For the fluids obeying Newton’s Law of Viscosity:
T = μ dv / dy
 3. Viscosity (cont..)
 For 3-Dimensional fluid flow,
T x = μ бvx / бy
T y = μ бvy / бy
T z = μ бvz / бy
Where,
μ = Coefficient of Viscosity or
Coefficient of Friction
б = Partial Derivative
 3. Viscosity (cont..)

 Coefficient if Viscosity: ( μ )
“It is the shear stress required to drag one lamina with
unit velocity passed another lamina at a unit distance
from it.”
 Lamina:
“Each layer of the fluid is called lamina.”
 Unit:
The unit of coefficient of viscosity is Pascal-sec.
But This unit is very large. For convention we use
smaller unit called “Centipose”.
1 centipose = 10-3 Pascal-sec
 3. Viscosity (cont..)

 Derivation of Unit:
μ = T. dv / dy
= N . m
m2 m/sec

= N/m2 . sec  (1)

= Pascal-sec
As, N = kg-m/sec2
Put in eq (1),
= kg-m/sec2 . Sec/m2
= kg/m-sec  (2)
 3. Viscosity (cont..)
 Kinematic Viscosity: ( v )
“It is the ratio b/w Coefficient of viscosity & Mass
density.”
v= μ / p

 Units:
v = kg/m-sec
kg/m3
= m2/sec  (3)
For convention, we use smaller unit called “Stoke”.
1 Stoke = 10-4 m2/sec
 4.Surface Tension
 Surface Tension:
surface tension is the imaginary layer developed by
the force o attraction b/w yje surface molecules in yje
surface of fluid.
 Surface tension is caused by the attraction b/w the
molecules of liquid due to intermolecular forces.
 Surface tension is an effect within the surface lauers
of liquid that causes the lauers to behave like an
elastic sheet.
e.g. Water strider walking on surface of water.
Water droplet formation.
 4.S.Tension (cont..)
 Unit:
Surface tension is measured in Newton per meter
& is represented by ξ & can be defined as:
“The force along a line of unit length perpendicular
to surface.”
ξ = force / unit length
 Effects:
 Surface tension increases as the temperature
decreases.
 Surface tension decreases as the presence of
detergents increases.
 The main effect of surface tension is the reduction in
volume.
 4.S.Tension (cont..)
 Application of Surface Tension:
 1.Concave Meniscus:
If
adhesive forces > Cohesive forces
then concave meniscus is formed.
concave meniscus
 2.Convex Meniscus:
If
adhesive forces < Cohesive forces
then convex meniscus is formed.

convex meniscus
 4.S.Tension (cont..)
 Application of Surface Tension:
(cont..)
 3.Lead Shots:
Lead shots ( lead beads )
are formed from the liquid
lead due to surface
tension. When liquid lead is
poured onto a mesh or
sieve, then after passing
through the sieve the lead
drops contracts inwardly
due to surface tension.
 5. Capillarity
 Capillarity:
“Rise or fall of liquid in the capillary pipe due to adhesive or
cohesive forces is called capillarity.”
 Fluid Statics
 Fluid Flow:
Under the action of shearing forces, relative
motion b/w the fluid layers take place & deformation
occurs, this phenomena is called Fluid flow.
The fluid phenomena may be subjected to two
types of forces:
 Body forces
 Normal Surface forces
 Fluid Statics
 Body Forces:
It may be the force of gravity or the force when
rotation is imparted to the fluid in container (Centrifugal
Force). E.g., Weight
 Normal Surface Forces:
It is exerted on the fluid element by surrounding fluid
or some other sources.
When a fluid element is in equilibrium, it is said to be at
rest (In the absence of body and normal surface forces).
 Hydrostatic Pressure
 Hydrostatic Pressure:

The force or thrust per unit area exerted by the

Fluid due to its own weight.

It is also called Specific Pressure or Unit Pressure.

It is denoted by ‘p’.

 Hydrostatic Pressure
 Hydrostatic Pressure(cont..):
 It
is measured in Newtons (N).
p = P/A
Where, A= Surface area on which P acts.
 Note:
‘P’ always acts at right angle to the surface of contact with
the liquid.
 Types of Pressures
 Atmospheric pressure
 Gauge Pressure
 Absolute Pressure
 Vacuum Pressure
 Types of Pressure
 Atmospheric Pressure:
The force exerted on the fluid ( or on the surface of earth) per unit area by
the air.

At sea level, Atm Pressure = 103 KN/m2

 Types of Pressure
 Gauge Pressure:
Pressure measured by a pressure gauge is termed as
Gauge Pressure.
OR

The Pressure measured with reference to the atm pressure.

Generally Pressure term is used for the Gauge Pressure.

 Types of Pressure
 Absolute Pressure:
“Algebric sum of atm Pressure & Guage Preesure is called
Absolute Pressure.
Pabs = Patm + Pgauge
 Vacuum Pressure:
“The pressure measured below the atm Pressure is called
vacuum pressure.
It is also called “Negative Pressure” because it’s value is
always negative.
 Pascal’s Law
 Statement:
Pressure intensity on a fluid element is same in
all directions in Equilibrium.
 APPLICATIONS
 Hydraulic Brake System
 Balloon
 Piston & Cylinder
 Tyres
 Pressing Machines
Pascal’s Law (cont..)
Pascal’s Law (cont..)
 Pascal’s Law (cont..)
Note:

“The Pressure intensities (px, py, pz) will be equal in all

directions for the fluid in Equilibrium. But the Pressure
forces ( Px, Py, Pz) will not be equal as they depend
upon area.”
 Pressure Head
 Pressure Head ( h ):
“Height of liquid column in a tube
is called pressure head.”
ph
Where, p = Pressure Intensity

 Itis measured in mmHg or mmH2O.

 Pressure head is denoted by ‘h’.

 “Pressure Head” term is frequently used in Manometers.

 Pressure Head
Consider a water column of height ‘h’ and
base area ‘A’.
Total volume of water column = V = Ah
Specific weight of fluid (weight of unit
volume), w = W/V  W = wV
 W = wAh

Total pressure on base = Weight of water

 P = wAh
We know, pressure intensity,
p = P/A
p = wAh/A
p = wh
w = g
p = gh
 Pressure Head
p = gh
g is constant, while  is also constant for every
fluid, so,
ph
This is hydrostatic law (pressure intensity is
directly proportional to pressure head).
It is applicable to incompressible fluids.
Therefore, pressure can be expressed in two ways;
either as p (pressure intensity) or as h (pressure
 Pressure Head
Pressure Diagram:

It is obvious from pressure

diagram that at A when

h (depth)=0, p (pressure)=0.

And when h is maximum at B, p

will be maximum too.
 Measurement of Pressure
 (I) By balancing liquid column by another fluid. i.e.,
manometer

 (II) By balancing liquid column by external weights.

i.e., Spring loads

 Some devices work on the principle of tube gauges &

other on the basis of mechanical gauges.
 Measurement of Pressure
 Classification of Gauges:
 Measurement of Pressure
 Mechanical gauges:
 Used for very large range of pressure.
 It can measure up to 5000 Psi.

 With increasing measurements, Its accuracy

decreases.
 It is a Mechanical instrument.

 That’s why it is used in very complex machinery.

 It has to be calibrated after every month.