Question 01: Part (a)

Strength Limit States Serviceability Limit States

• Flexure • Cracking
• Torsion • Excessive Deflection
• Shear • Buckling
• Fatigue • Stability
• Settlement
• Bearing
Special Limit States
• Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes.
• Structural effects of fire, explosions, or vehicular collisions.
Question 01: Part (b)
Question 01: Part (b)
Question 01: Part (b)
 Question 01: Part (c)
Strength: The max load which a structure or structural component can resist.
Ductility: It implies a large capacity for inelastic deformation without rupture.
Ductility will ensure redistribution of load through inelastic deformation.
Stiffness: The resistance of structural component to deformation. It depends
on Material, Length, and X-Section.
Toughness: The ability of a structure or structural component to absorb energy.
Fatigue: Fatigue is a progressive, localized permanent damage under
fluctuating repeated stress.
 Question 01: Part (d)
Difference Between W and S Shapes
W shape: Have wide flanges, efficient in resisting moments so used
primarily as beams
S shape: Have wide webs, efficient in resisting shear (used in the past
as railway tracks)

Standard Rolled Shapes

• Sections available from the mill which are given in the manual.
• Sections which are developed using rolled shapes e.g. plate girders.
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