Harmonic Motion

Harmonic motion is characteristically a sinusoid or

some distorted version, depending upon the harmonic
content. All harmonic motion is periodic, meaning it
repeats at some point in time. In a linear system,
imbalance in rotating equipment could generate
harmonic motion.
 Periodic Motion

Periodic motion is all motion that repeats periodically.

This includes harmonic motion, pulses, etc. Periodic
motion is any motion that repeats itself in equal time
periods. For example, a misaligned motor coupling
that is loose could have a bump once per revolution of
the shaft. Although this motion is not harmonic, it is
periodic.
 Frequency

Frequency is the number of cycles that occur in

one time period, usually one second.
The relationship between frequency and time
period for one cycle is

F = 1/T
AMPLITUDE MEASUREMENT

The four different ways to express the

vibration amplitude level are: peak-to-peak,
zero-to-peak, RMS, and average.
VIBRATION DISPLACEMENT

Displacement is a measure of the total travel of the

mass – that is, it shows how far the mass travels
back and forth when it vibrates.

Its units are mils (where 1 mil = .001 inch) or in

microns (where 1 micron = .001 millimeter).
VIBRATION VELOCITY

Vibration velocity is a measure of the speed at which

the mass is moving or vibrating during its oscillations.
VIBRATION ACCELERATION

Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of the velocity and is

measured in g’s of acceleration relative to the acceleration of gravity.
It is normally expressed as in/ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 , mm/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 or g’s.
 Measured Quantities & Relations

• displacement of vibration is usually stated in micrometers [µm],

• velocity is the first derivative of displacement with respect to time

(velocity of displacement change); it is usually stated in mm/s

• acceleration is the second derivative of displacement wrt time

(velocity of velocity change); it is usually stated in m/s2 or in g
Relations between displacement
, Velocity and Acceleration
• Theoretically, it is enough to know one of the
variables, and the remaining two can be easily
computed. The velocity always lags for 90º behind
the displacement and the acceleration lags for further
90º behind the velocity.

• Practically ,measurements should also take into

account adverse factors that influence the
measurement accuracy. So we choose the
measured value to give sufficient signal to noise
ratio.
UNBALANCE
The centrifugal force is one of the basic excitation forces in rotating
machinery. It originates from the fact that with a real product (rotor), it is not
possible to achieve the centre of gravity to be exactly on the axis of rotation
and this axis of rotation to coincide with the principal axis of inertia.

The causes of this condition are:

- in design (some parts may be not perfectly symmetrical)
- technological (non-homogenous material)
- manufacturing (everything is produced in some tolerances, rotating parts
exhibit run out)
- in mounting (namely with mounted rotors)
Types of Unbalance

 Static (Force) Unbalance

 Couple Unbalance
 Dynamic Unbalance
Static (Force) Unbalance
A rotor is statically unbalanced when the principal axis of inertia t (red)
is parallel to the axis of rotation o (blue). Static unbalance can be
understood as two equal masses (unbalances) 𝑚𝑛 , placed symmetrically
in relation to the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation and passing
through the centre of gravity.
 Couple Unbalance
The couple unbalance means that centre of gravity of the rotor is on
the axis of rotation and the principal axis of inertia is intersecting
with the axis of rotation. This unbalance can be understood as two
equal masses 𝑚𝑛 placed on the radius 𝑟𝑛 , placed symmetrically.
Selecting Measurement Points and Directions on the Machine
Criteria of Assessment according to ISO 10816

Standard ISO 10816 provides guidance for the assessment of machine

condition for different types of machines based on two criteria:

I. vibration magnitude
II. change in vibration magnitude
Criterion I: Vibration Magnitude

• Standard ISO 10816 is based on measuring the total rms value of vibration
velocity in the frequency range from 10 to 1000 Hz

- zone A/B boundaries 0.71 - 4.5 mm/s

- zone B/C boundaries 1.8 - 9.3 mm/s
- zone C/D boundaries 4.5 - 14.7 mm/s