Digital logic

families
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 Defining Characteristics of
Digital Logic Families
• Fan-in: # of gate inputs.
• Fan-out: # of standard loads a gate’s output can drive.
• Noise margin: max external noise tolerated.
• Power dissipation: power consumed by the gate (dissipated as heat).
• Propagation delay: time required for an input signal change to be observed
at an output line.

Propagation Delay
One of the most important design parameters (if not THE most
important!)
The maximum propagation delay (tpd) determines the circuit’s speed.
tPHL: high-to-low propagation time
tPLH: low-to-high propagation time
tpd = max(tPHL, tPLH)
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 Positive and Negative Logic

• Two different assignments of signal levels to logic values:

– Positive logic:
• H1
• L0
– Negative logic:
• H0
• L 1
• IC data sheets define digital gates in terms of signal
values; user decides on positive or negative logic.

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 Digital logic families
• Digital integrated circuits are classified not only by their complexity or logical
operation, but also by the specific circuit technology to which they belong.
• A logic family is a collection of different integrated-circuit chips that have
similar input, output, and internal circuit characteristics, but they perform
different logic functions (AND, OR, NOT, etc.).
• The electronic components used in the construction of the basic circuit are
usually used as the name of the technology. The following are the most popular:
– RTL resistor-transistor logic (obsolete)
– DTL diode-transistor logic (obsolete)
– TTL transistor-transistor logic (widespread, standard)
– ECL emiter-coupled logic (high speed)
– MOS PMOS, NMOS metal-oxide semiconductor (high component
density)
– CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (low power
consumption)

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 Various series of the TTL Logic family

TTL Series Prefix Example

Standard TTL 74 7486
High-speed TTL 74H 74H86
Low-power TTL 74L 74L86
Schottky TTL 74S 74S86
Low-power Schottky TTL 74LS 74LS86
Advanced Schottky TTL 74AS 74AS86
Advanced Low-power Schottky TTL 74ALS 74ALS86

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 Various series of the CMOS Logic family

CMOS Series Prefix Example

Original CMOS 40 4009

Pin compatible with TTL 74C 74C04
High-speed and pin compatible with TTL 74HC 74HC04
High-speed and electrically compatible with TTL 74HCT 74HCT04
Very High-speed and pin compatible with TTL 74VHC 74VHC04
Very High-speed and electrically compatible with TTL 74VHCT 74VHCT04
Advanced High-speed and pin compatible with TTL 74AHC 74AHC04
Advanced High-speed and electrically compatible with TTL 74AHCT 74AHCT04
Fast and electrically compatible with TTL 74FCT 74 FCT 04
Fast and electrically compatible with TTL with TTL VOH 74FCT-T 74 FCT04T

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 Why NAND and NOR are so popular?
• Logical inversion comes free as a result an inverting gate needs
smaller number of transistors compared to the non-inverting one.
• In CMOS, and in most other logic families, the simples gates are
inverters, and the next simplest are NAND and Nor gates.

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 TTL Subfamilies

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 CMOS INVERTER

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 CMOS NAND
• Use 2n transistors for n-input gate

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 CMOS NOR

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Logic Levels and Noise Margin for CMOS devices

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