CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

A. FUNCTIONS:
• Provides communication between widely
separated body parts through transportation
of hormones, nutrients, wastes, respiratory
gases, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, water,
leucocytes, and antibodies.
• Contributes directly or indirectly to body
metabolic functions such as perfusion with
oxygen and nutrients by the tissue, water
balance, immunity, enzymatic reactions, and
pH, and temperature regulation.
B.PARTS:

1. Blood – transporting medium

Components:
a. Plasma
- Liquid part
- Composed of 90% water, ions, and proteins in
the form of albumins and globulins

b. Formed elements or Red Blood Cells

1. Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells
- Biconcave disc

- Formed in red marrow of vertebrae, sternum,

ribs, iliac crest, clavicle, scapulae, and skull

- Principal component is hemoglobin formed

within the erythrocyte utilizing copper, cobalt,
iron, nickel, and Vitamin B6 which function to
bind oxygen through iron heme and carbon
dioxide through globulin portion
- Life span is about 120 days; older, deteriorated
RBC are removed by the reticulo-endothelial
cells of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, and
are replaced daily; heme is converted to
bilirubin which is secreted through the liver as
part of the bile
 Leucocytes or White Blood Cells Types:
2. Leucocytes

a. Granulocytes or or polymorph
polymorph nuclear
nuclear leucocytes
–leucocytes
originates–inoriginates
bone marrow andmarrow
in bone consistsand
of:
consists of: % in total WBC Main Target

% in total WBC Main Target

Neutrophil 50-70% Bacteria and Fungi
Neutrophil 50-70% Bacteria and Fungi
Basophil 1-4% Larger Parasites
Basophil 1-4% Larger Parasites
Eosinophil 0-1% Release histamine
for anti-
Eosinophil 0-1% Release histamine for
inflammatory
anti-inflammatory
response
response
b. Agranulocytes or mononuclear leucocytes –
originates in bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
and consists of:

% in total WBC Main Target

Monocyte 3-8% Releases antibodies

Lymphocyte 25-40% forms as

macrophages
3. Thrombocytes or Blood Platelets
- Anucleate cellular fragments associated with
hemostasis
- Originate from fragmentation of
megakaryocytes in bone marrow
- Function in blood coagulation
Blood Groups:
a. Names indicate type of antigen on or in RBC
membrane
Example:
-Type A blood means that RBC have an antigens
-Type O blood means that RBC has no antigens

b. Every person’s blood belongs to four blood

groups; type A, B, AB, or O and is either Rh
positive or RH negative
Antibodies- special proteins that
fight off and destroy disease-
causing germs.
Antigen- foreign substance
introduced into the body and
causes immune response;
molecules produced by the body.
c. The plasma normally contains no antibodies
against antigens present on its own RBC
Ex. Type A does not have antibodies against A
but have antibodies against B antigen
c. The plasma normally contains no antibodies
against antigens present on its own RBC
Ex.Heart
2. Type –Ahighly
does not have antibodies
muscular against A
pumping organ
but haveinantibodies
located against
the pericardial B antigen
cavity enclosed by a
pericardium
2. Heart – highly muscular pumping organ
located
3. Bloodin the pericardial
Vessels – tubes ofcavity enclosed
varying by a
diameters
pericardium
through which blood passes: arteries, veins, and
capillaries
3. Blood Vessels – tubes of varying diameters
through which blood passes: arteries, veins, and
capillaries
C. CIRCULATION
- Blood flow through the circuit of vessels

1. Systematic circulation
– it is the blood flow
from the left ventricle
into the aorta, other
arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules and
veins to the right
atrium of the heart
C. CIRCULATION
- Blood flow through the circuit of vessels

2. Pulmonary circulation
– it is the blood flow
from the right ventricle
to the pulmonary artery
to lung arterioles,
capillaries and venules,
and veins, to left atrium
3. Hepatic-portal circulation – blood flow from the
capillaries, venules, and veins of stomach,
intestines, spleen,
pancreas, and gall
bladder into portal
veins, liver sinusoids
to hepatic veins,
to inferior vena
cava, to right
atrium of the
heart
 3. Hepatic-portal circulation – blood flow from
the capillaries, venules, and veins of stomach,
intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gall bladder
D. PULSE
into portal veins, liver sinusoids to hepatic veins,
-toAlternate expansion
inferior vena cava, toand elastic
right recoil
atrium of blood
of the heart
vessels caused by intermittent ejections of
blood from heart into aorta with each
D.ventricular
PULSE contraction
- Pulse
Alternate expansion and elastic recoil
can be felt because of elasticity ofof blood
-
vessels caused by intermittent ejections of
arterial wall
blood from heart into aorta with each
ventricular contraction
- Pulse can be felt because of elasticity of
arterial wall