Академический Документы
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DAN
FAKTOR RISIKO
Blood pressure
Tobacco
Underweight
Alcohol Developing
Contribution of CV Cholesterol countries
Risk Factors to Unsafe sex Developed
Burden of Disease Overweight countries
Mortality* Unsafe water,
sanitation, hygiene
Low fruit and vegetable intake *Based on The World
Indoor smoke from 0 5 10 15 20
Health Report 2003.
solid fuels
Physical inactivity Yach et al. JAMA.
2004;291:2616-2622.
*Total-C ≥200 mg/dL AHA. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics–2005 Update.
†BP ≥140/90 mm Hg Hajjar I and Kotchen TA. JAMA. 2003;290:199-206.
‡FBG ≥126 mg/dL Ford ES et al. Circulation. 2003;107:2185-9.
CDC. www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2005.pdf.
Indonesia :
VC No 1 Killer
( SKRT 1996)
CHEST
DISCOMFORT
or
ANGINA
CHEST DISCOMFORT
Keluhan terbanyak pada penderita PJK (Penyakit
Jantung Koroner) yang mencari pertolongan ke
Rumah Sakit (Unit Gawat Darurat)
Semua kondisi yang membuat perasaan tidak
nyaman di tubuh pada lokasi antara toraks
(dada) dan abdomen (perut)
Mempunyai implikasi klinis dengan prognosis
yang bervariasi : Ringan s/d fatal → kematian
Chest Discomfort
Davies MJ
Heart 83:361, 2000
Biochem.
Marker
Myocardial Infarction
Final Dx Unstable Angina NQMI Qw MI
Options for Transport of Patients With STEMI and
Initial Reperfusion Treatment
Hospital fibrinolysis:
Door-to-Needle
within 30 min.
Not PCI
capable
Golden Hour = first 60 min. Total ischemic time: within 120 min.
Antman EM, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008. Published ahead of print on December 10, 2007. Available at
11
http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/full/j.jacc.2007.10.001
Faktor Risiko Kardiovaskular
Merokok
Toleransi glukosa
X1.8 X1.7
Kannel WB. In: Genest J, et al, eds. Hypertension: Physiopathology and Treatment. New York, NY: McGraw Hill;1977:888-910.
CLASSIC RISK FACTORS
NONMODIFIABLE :
Age
Gender
Family history of premature CAD
Menopause
Genetic
CLASSIC RISK FACTORS
MODIFIABLE :
Hypertension
Total Cholesterol
LDL Cholesterol
Low HDL Cholesterol
Trigliserida
Diabetes
Smoking
Sedentary Lifestyle
Obesity
Personality traits : hostility, stress, depression,
anxiety
DYSLIPIDEMIA :
Why Should We Treat It Early
The Cardiovascular Continuum of Events
ACS
Coronary
Secondary Arrhythmia and
prevention
Thrombosis Stroke Loss of Muscle
Myocardial Remodeling
Ischemia
Ventricular
CAD Dilatation
Atherosclerosis Congestive
Heart Failure
Primary
prevention Risk Factors End-stage
( Dyslipidemia, BP, DM, Heart Disease
Insulin Resistance, Platelets,
Adapted from
Fibrinogen, etc)
Dzau et al. Am Heart J. 1991;121:1244-1263
Kita Akan Fokus Pada…
Primary Prevention
• Cost-effective
• Less painful
• Better quality of life
• Easier to manage
• But…..
– No symptoms (low compliance)
– “Investment”
Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(6):655-662
DISLIPIDEMIA
Proses Aterosklerosis
Atherosclerosis: Penyakit Sistemik
From a prospective analysis of 1886 patients aged 62 years, 810 patients were diagnosed with CAD as defined by a documented
clinical history of MI, ECG evidence of Q-wave MI, or typical angina without previous MI. (Adapted from Aronow et al.)
Aronow WS et al, Am J Cardiol, 1994.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):
Diagnosa Sering Terlambat
Murabito JM, Evans JC, Larson MG, et al. Prognosis After the Onset of Coronary Heart Disease. An Investigation of Differences In
Outcome Between the Sexes According To Initial Coronary Disease Presentation. Circulation 1993;88:2548-2555
Proses aterosklerosis sudah dimulai sejak usia
dini
Tuzcu EM, Kapadia SR, Tutar E, et al. High Prevalence of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Teenagers And Young Adults:
EvidenceFrom Intravascular Ultrasound. Circulation 2001;103:2705-2710
Atherosclerosis: Penyakit Yang Progresif
Plaque rupture
Adhesion Macrophage
Oxidized
Monocyte LDL-C molecule
LDL-C
Foam cell
CRP
Smooth muscle
cells
A B
B
Rupture Site
A A B
Atheroma
Lumen
Lipid Core
Images supplied by Steven E. Nissen, MD, Cleveland Clinic. 6
KERUSAKAN APA SAJA YANG BISA DISEBABKAN OLEH PLAK?
Stroke
Coronary artery
• Plaque rupture
unstable angina Pulmonary embolism
Myocardial infarction (PE)
(MI) / heart attack
Deep vein
thrombosis (DVT)
Proses Terbentuknya Plak Atherosklerosis
Proses Terjadinya ACS/Stroke
PENATALAKSANAAN
DISLIPIDEMIA
FAKTOR RISIKO
Merokok
DM (Diabetes Mellitus)
Hipertensi
(TD: > 140/90 mmHg / sedang dalam pengobatan hipertensi)
HDL yang rendah ( < 40mg/dL)
Riwayat Keluarga
Ada keluarga langsung yang terkena serangan jantung di usia:
–Laki-laki (ayah, kakak, adik) < 55 tahun
–Wanita (Ibu, kakak, adik) < 65 tahun
Usia
–Laki-laki> 45 tahun
–Wanita > 55 tahun
Grundy, Implication of Recent Clinical Trials for The NCEP/ATP III Guidelines. Circulation.2004;110:227-239
TARGET LIPID
LDL-C: Primary target of therapy
LDL LDL
160 – 189 mg/dL >190 mg/dL
• Teruskan diet, aktifitas fisik • Mulai statin
• Pertimbangkan statin • Periksa ulang 3bln
• Periksa ulang 3bln
Sasaran:
NCEP-ATP III Report. JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497 LDL < 160 mg/dL
Faktor Risiko >2
LDL < 130 mg/dL LDL > 130 mg/dL
LDL LDL
130 – 159 mg/dL >160 mg/dL
• Teruskan diet, aktifitas fisik
• Mulai statin
• Pertimbangkan statin
• Periksa ulang 3bln
• Periksa ulang 3bln
Sasaran:
NCEP-ATP III Report. JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497 LDL < 130 mg/dL
PJK Atau Yang Disamakan
LDL < 100 mg/dL LDL > 100 mg/dL
• Berikan Statin
•Periksa ulang 3 bln
Sasaran:
LDL < 100 mg/dL
< 70 mg/dl (reasonable)
NCEP-ATP III Report. JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497
Stabilisasi Plak
POWER
REGRESI PLAK
"Education Is Key"
Treatment ?
• Non farmacologic
• Farmacologic
Cara Mencapai Tujuan
Mengatur makan
Penyuluhan
Gerak badan
Obat-obatan
Apa yang harus dilakukan?
• Diet
– Mengurangi makanan berlemak atau yang mengandung kolesterol tinggi
– Perbanyak makanan dengan serat tinggi
– Kurangi berat badan mencapai berat ideal
– Perbanyak konsumsi buah dan sayuran
• Kepatuhan Terapi
– Cek kadar kolesterol secara berkala
– Periksa ke Dokter secara teratur
– Minum obat sesuai anjuran Dokter secara teratur dan benar (sesuai
dosis dan jangka waktu yang ditentukan Dokter)
Mengatur Makanan (Dahulu)
Mitos : Diet = penderitaan
Tidak boleh makan enak
Harus makan kentang
Tidak boleh menyentuh gula
Makan terpisah dari keluarga
Mengatur Makanan (Sekarang)
Koreksi/Penyesuaian
Umur > 40 th : -5% x A
Aktifitas ringan : + 10 %
sedang: + 20 %
berat : + 30 %
Berat Badan Gemuk : - 20 % X A
Lebih : - 10 %
Kurang: + 20 %
Stres metabolik : + (10 – 30 %) x A
Hamil trimestar I & II : + 300 kalori
Hamil trimester III/laktasi : + 500 kalori
Pembagian Porsi
Pagi : 20 %
Siang : 30 %
Sore : 25 %
Selingan : 10 – 15 %
Exercise Program
F I D T
* FREQUENCY
* INTENSITY
* DURATION
* TYPE
1. ENDURANCE (AEROBIC)
Walking, Cycling, Jogging etc
2. ANAEROBIC EXERCISE
tennis, badminton, etc
3. STRENGTH (R.TRAINING)
Dumble, Circuit
FREQUENCY OF EXERCISE
Depend On The Aim:
220 - age
20 - 60 MINUTES
< 20 MIN: No Effect
> 60 MIN: Prone to Injuries
(Musculoskeletal problems)
& disease attack
Gerak Badan
30 menit : 3 - 4 kali/minggu
(tiap hari lebih baik)
Cara Gerak Badan yang Baik
Latihan harus
berkesinambungan
Berirama
Dilakukan selang-seling
gerak cepat-lambat
Peningkatan bertahap
sesuai kemampuan
Gejala/keluhan (-)
Mencegah komplikasi
ASAP: METODE B MODE USG
REGRESI PLAK pada Pembuluh darah Carotis
0.09
0.07
Change in thickness (mm)
0.05 Simvastatin
0.03
0.01
0 Baseline
-0.01
-0.03
-0.05 LIPITOR
-0.07
-0.09
0 1 2
Years
REVERSAL: METODE IVUS
REGRESI PLAK TERJADI
Pada 30mm pembuluh darah dengan
derajat atheroma terberat
Manfaat Pemberian Statin
PERBANDINGAN ANTAR STATIN
“Native LDL-C”
20 mg 40 mg 10 mg
0
-10
% OF CHANGE
-20
-30
-40
-50 p0.05
p0.05
-60
Ator Simva Lova Prava Fluva
Atorvastatin 10 mg
(n=10,305)
4
Cumulative Incidence (%)
Plasebo
3 36%
reduction
2
1
HR = 0.64 (0.50-0.83) p=0.0005
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Years
Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter N, Wedel H, et al, for the ASCOT Investigators. Lancet. 2003;361:1149-58
CARDS: PASIEN DM
Major CV Events Including Stroke Prevention
15 P=.001
Placebo
Cumulative hazard (%)
10
37%
Atorvastati
5 n
0
0 1 2 3 4 4.75 Years
Placebo 1410 1351 1306 1022 651 305
Atorva 1428 1392 1361 1074 694 328