EXOGENIC

PROCESSES
EXOGENIC PROCESSES

Refers to the geological

phenomena and processes
that originate externally to
the Earth’s surface.
 I. WEATHERING
TYPES OF A. MECHANICAL
B. CHEMICAL

EXOGENIC II. EROSION

MASS WASTING
PROCESSES III.
IV. SEDIMENTATION
I. WEATHERING

This process reduces the

size of rocks and prepares
materials for transport.
 MECHANICAL
TYPES OF AND
WEATHERING CHEMICAL
WEATHERING
MECHANICAL WEATHERING

The process of breaking big

rocks into little ones. This
process usually happens near
the surface of the planet.
The mechanical weathering happens when
rock is physically broken into smaller pieces.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
MECHANICAL WEATHERING

1. FROST WEDGING
𝐻 𝑂 seeps in rock, expands,
2

crack rocks into smaller

pieces.
FROST WEDGING / FREEZE WEATHERING
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
MECHANICAL WEATHERING

2. RELEASE OF PRESSURE
Surface rock erodes, rock
flakes like onion layers.
 RELEASE
OF
PRESSURE
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
MECHANICAL WEATHERING

3. GROWTH OF PLANTS
Roots grow into cracks and
push rocks apart.
 PLANT
GROWTH
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
MECHANICAL WEATHERING

4. ANIMAL ACTIONS
Burrow and push apart rock.
 ANIMAL
ACTIONS
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
MECHANICAL WEATHERING

5. ABRASION
Sand and rock carried by wind,
water, and ice wears away
surface rock when rocks collide.
Most common in windy areas.
A
B
R
A
S
I
O
N
CHEMICAL WEATHERING

Theprocess by which the mineral

compositions of rocks are
changed. Chemical weathering
can cause minerals to
decompose and even dissolve.
The chemical weathering is the process of
breaking down rock through chemical changes.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
CHEMICAL WEATHERING

1. WATER
It dissolves rock chemically.
W
A
T
E
R
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
CHEMICAL WEATHERING

2. OXIDATION
Rocks that has iron in it
mixes with oxygen and rusts.
OXIDATION
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
CHEMICAL WEATHERING

3. CARBONATION
𝐶𝑂 dissolves in rainwater
2

and weathers marble and

limestone.
CARBONATION
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
CHEMICAL WEATHERING

4. LIVING ORGANISMS
Acids from plants and roots
chemically weather rock.
LIVING ORGANISMS
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
CHEMICAL WEATHERING

5. ACID RAIN
Air pollution reacts with
clouds and falls on rock as
acid rain.
ACID RAIN
 MECHANICAL V.S CHEMICAL

MECHANICAL CHEMICAL
WEATHERING WEATHERING

Refers to the
Refers to the
decomposition of rocks
disintegration or
and minerals as
disaggregation of rocks
chemical reactions alter
by physically breaking
them into new
them apart. substances.
 MECHANICAL V.S CHEMICAL

Mechanical weathering breaks big

rocks into small ones.
Main effect of mechanical
weathering is to increase surface area
available for chemical weathering.
MECHANICAL V.S CHEMICAL

During chemical weathering,

minerals in rocks are
decomposed, and new minerals
form.
II. EROSION

The action of surface processes

that remove soil, rock, or
dissolved material from one
location on the Earth's crust, and
then transport it to another
location.
 WATER
TYPES OF WIND
EROSION ICE
GRAVITY
EROSION BY WATER

 Water erosion is the detachment and

removal of soil material by water. The process
may be natural or accelerated by human
activity. The rate of erosion may be very slow
to very rapid, depending on the soil, the local
landscape, and weather conditions. Water
erosion wears away the earth's surface.
WATER EROSION
TYPES OF EROSION BY WATER

 SPLASH EROSION
 SHEET EROSION
 RILL EROSION
 GULLY EROSION
 VALLEY OR STREAM EROSION
 BANK EROSION
 SPLASH EROSION

Small soil particles

are detached and
sent airborne
through the impact
of raindrops on soil.
 SHEET EROSION

Raindrops break apart the soil

structure and it's moved downslope by
water that flows overland as a sheet
rather than definitive channels. This
occurs frequently during cloud bursts.
SHEET EROSION
 RILL EROSION

This process develops small, short-

lived, concentrated flow paths.
These paths creates a sediment
source and delivery system for
hillslope erosion.
RILL EROSION
 GULLY EROSION

 Water flows in narrow

channels during or
directly following
heavy rains or melting
snow. The gullies can
erode to considerable
depths.
 VALLEY OR STREAM EROSION

 Continual water flow alongside land

(along a linear feature) creates this type of
erosion. It extends downward, deepening
a valley, and head ward, extending the
valley into the hillside. This occurs most
frequently in times of flooding.
VALLEY OR STREAM EROSION
BANK EROSION

Over time, banks

of rivers and
streams are
naturally worn
down.
EROSION BY WIND

 Winderosion is a serious environmental

problem attracting the attention of many
across the globe. It is a common
phenomenon occurring mostly in flat, bare
areas; dry, sandy soils; or anywhere the soil is
loose, dry, and finely granulated.
WIND EROSION
TYPES OF EROSION BY WIND

CREEPING
SALTATION
SUSPENSION
CREEPING

Inthis process, the particles are rolled

across the surface after coming into
contact with the soil particles in
saltation.
 SALTATION

 Saltation came from the Latin saltus, "leap“

 A specific type of particle transport
by fluids such as wind or water. It occurs
when loose materials are removed from a
bed and carried by the fluid, before being
transported back to the surface.
SUSPENSION

Occurs when very fine dirt and dust

particles are lifted into the wind. They
can be thrown into the air through
impact with other particles or by the
wind itself.
EROSION BY ICE

Ice erosion is the process of large

chunks of ice, known as glaciers,
eroding an area over a long period
of time with the help of gravity.
ICE EROSION
GLACIAL EROSION

PROCESS OF GLACIAL EROSION

PLUCKING – Friction between
glacier and ground leads to rocks
being plucked from the ground and
carried away.
GLACIAL EROSION

PROCESS OF GLACIAL EROSION

ABRASION – Scratches and scrapes
the surface rock beneath a glacer.
PROCESS OF GLACIAL EROSION
EXAMPLES OF EROSION BY ICE

 Glacial lakes are formed by ice erosion.

EXAMPLES OF EROSION BY ICE

Yosemite Valley was carved out

by large glaciers as the ice
moved through the Sierra
Nevada.
EXAMPLES OF EROSION BY ICE
 EXAMPLES OF EROSION BY ICE

 The Great Lakes were carved out with the help

of ice erosion.
EXAMPLES OF EROSION BY ICE

Moraines are formed by ice erosion

which are piles of rock and debris
that are carried by the glacier and
left behind when it retreats.
EXAMPLES OF EROSION BY ICE
EXAMPLES OF EROSION BY ICE

The fjords in Norway were once a

flatter piece of Earth and ice
erosion caused by glaciers carved
out these large rock waterways.
EXAMPLES OF EROSION BY ICE
EROSION BY GRAVITY

Gravity is responsible for erosion by

flowing water and glaciers. That’s
because gravity pulls water and ice
downhill. But gravity also causes
erosion directly.
EROSION BY GRAVITY

Gravity can pull soil, mud, and rocks

down cliffs and hillsides. This type of
erosion and deposition is called mass
movement. It may happen suddenly.
Or it may occur very slowly, over
many years.
EXAMPLES OF EROSION
BY GRAVITY

LANDSLIDE
MUDSLIDE
LANDSLIDE

A landslide happens when a

large amount of soil and rock
suddenly falls down a slope
because of gravity.
LANDSLIDE
MUDSLIDE

A mudslide is the sudden flow of

mud down a slope because of
gravity. Mudslides occur where
the soil is mostly clay.
MUDSLIDE
III. MASS WASTING

 Mass wasting, also known as slope movement

or mass movement, is the geomorphic process
by which soil, sand, regolith, and rock move
downslope typically as a solid, continuous or
discontinuous mass, largely under the force of
gravity, but frequently with characteristics of a
flow as in debris flows and mudflows.
 IV. SEDIMENTATION

 Sedimentation is the process of deposition of a

solid material from a state of suspension
or solution in a fluid (usually air or water).
Broadly defined it also includes deposits from
glacial ice and those materials collected
under the impetus of gravity alone, as in talus
deposits, or accumulations of rock debris at
the base of cliffs.
END.
GROUP 3
LABANIEGO, VILLAHERMOSA, VISITACION, SALAMANCA & SANICO