Dr. Ariel C.

Manlusoc
DEAN, College of Criminology
Phil. College of Criminology
Review Director
 The greater number of similarities
or dissimilarities, the greater is the
probability for the conclusion to be
correct.
Alphonse Bertillion = Father of
Personal Identification. The first to
devised a scientific method of
identification called Anthropometry.
Fingerprints was first used in
China before the birth of Christianity.
They called it Hua Chi.
 Distance of Recognition
 Broad Daylight

• 25 yards = Almost a stranger

• 100 yards = never seen even once

• Moonlight
 16 to 17 yards
• Starlight
 10 to 13 yards
OTHER METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
• Characteristics that may easily be
changed:
 Growth of hair, beard and
mustache;
 Clothing;
 Frequent place of visit;
 Grade or profession;
 Body Ornamentation such as
earrings, necklace, rings, bracelets,
watch and others.
 • Characteristics that may not easily be
changed.
 Mental memory
 Speech
 Gait or manner of walking (ataxic,
cerebellar, cow’s, paretic, spastic,
wadding, and frog’s gait).
 Mannerism
 Hands and feet
 Complexion
 Face
 Eyes
 Body built
 Left or right handedness
 Degree of nutrition
Identification applicable to both
living and dead person.
• Occupational Mark
• Race
• Stature
• Teeth (Odontology =identification
through dental record)
• Tattoo Marks
• Scar marks
• Birth marks
• Deformities
• Moles
• Injuries living a permanent result
• Tribal marks
• Sexual Organs ( Presence of Testes
and Ovaries)
• Blood Grouping (A-B-AB-O System)
and
 Typing (M-N-MN)
• Handwriting ad signature
• Anthropometry
• Fingerprint
• DNA fingerprinting
 Anthropometry = the first scientific
method of identification which was
established by Alphonse Bertillion
(Father of Personal Identification). It is a
system of identification done through
measuring various bony structure of the
human body. It was first used in England
for almost two decades (20 years) before
fingerprint was used. Records shows that
Anthropometry was questioned due to the
famous “West Case”, a case of two
persons (Will West and William West)
of the same face and almost exactly the
same height.
Bertillionage System
1. Nehemiah Grew (1684)
- describes the ridges and
pores of the hands
and feet (Philosophical
Transaction) presented in Royal
Society of London, England.
2. Govard Bibloo
-works on the sweat pores and
ridges.
3. Marcelo Malpighi (1628-1694)
-Professor at the University of
Bolognia, Italy,
known for his discovery of the
Epidermis and Dermis layer. Written
the book entitled “ De Externo
Tactus Organo” Father of
Dactyloscopy.
4. J.C.A. Mayer (1788)
-the first to state that fingerprints
are never duplicated in two persons
( Anatomiche Kuphertafeln).
5. Johannes Purkenjie (1823)
- Professor at the University of
Breslau, Germany.
Established a certain role for
classification and be able to identify
nine (9) types of pattern although
never associated to identification
6. Herman Welcker
-took his own fingerprints twice
with a lapse of forty-one years and
show the ridges formation remains
the same.
7. William Herschel
-the first to advocate the use
of fingerprints as substitute for
signature from among Indian
native to avoid impersonation.
8. Rajadhar Konai
-the first person Herschel
printed the palm.
9. Francis Galton
- Developed the Arch. Loop
and Whorl Patterns as general
classification and identified nine
(9) types of pattern. First to
established a Civil Bureau of
Personal Identification. He said
that the possibility of two prints
being alike was
1:65,000,000,000.
10. Edward Richard Henry
- Developed the Henry System of
Classification at Scotland Yard which
was accepted by almost all English-
speaking country. Known as Father
of Fingerprint.
- Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque and
Rai Hem Chandra Bose – the two
Hindu police officers who have help
Henry in attaining his goal.
11. Juan Vucetich
- A Spanish counterpart of Henry
who developed his own system of
classification in Argentina and was
accepted in almost all Spanish
Speaking country.
 Gilbert Thompson = a
geologist in New Mexico,
adopted the first individual
use of fingerprint in august 8,
1882 as a protection to
prevent tampering with the
pay order.
 Isaiah West Tabor =
Photographer in San Francisco
who advocated the use of the
system for the registration of the
immigrant Chinese.
 Samuel Langhorne Clemens =
An Englishman who informally
introduced Dactyloscopy in the
United States in his book “ Life in
the Mississippi” and “ Pupp n
Head Wilson”.
 Francis Galton
 Dr. Henry p De Forest = Utilized
the first Municipal Civil use of
fingerprint for Criminal Registration
on December 1902 (Mun. Civil Service
Comm., New York).
 Capt. James L. Parke = Advocate th
first state and penal use of fingerprint
adopted in SingSing prison on June 5,
1903 later on Auburn Napanoch and
Clinton Penitentiaries.
 Sgt. John Kenneth Ferrier = First
fingerprint instructor at St. Louis
Police Dept. Missouri.
 Maj. R. Mc Cloughry = warden
of the Federal Penitentiaries of
Leaven Worth. Established the
first official National Government
use of fingerpprint.
 Mary K. Holand = first
American instructrees in
dactyloscopy.
 FBI = identification unit herein
was officially established by an
act of congress in 1924.
 Institute of Applied Science =
First private school to install
laboratories for instruction
purposes in dactyloscopy.
 People vs. jenning, Dec. 21,
1911 = United States leading
case wherein the first conviction
based on fingerprint was
recognized by the judicial
authorities (14 points).
 Mr. Jones = one who first taught FP in
the Phils. (1900)
 Bureau of Prison = (1968) CARPETAS
fingerprint was used.
 Generoso Reyes – First Filipino
Fungerprint Technician employed by P.C.
 Isabela Bernales – first filipina
Fingerprint Technician
 Capt. Thomas Dugan, New York Police
Dept. and Flaviano Guerrero, FBI
Washington – gave the first examination
in FP in 1927 and Agustin Patricio of the
Phils. Top the Examination
 People of the Phils. Vs. Medina-
First conviction base on Fingerprint
and leading case decision in the Phil.
Jurisprudence (10 points).
 Plaridel Education Institute (PEI)
now known as Phil. College of
Criminology, first government
recogniaed school to teach the
Science of Fingerprint and other
Police Sciences.
 John Dellinger – known U.S. public
enemy number one who attempt to
destroy his own prints using corrosive
acids.
 Robert James Pitts – works on
Surgery to forged his own
fingerprints and was named
“Man without fingerprint”
 Lucila Lalu – the first filipina
Chop-chop lady who was
identified through fingerprint.
 Alphonse Bertillion – known as
the Father of the first scientific
method of Identification
(Anthropometry)
Definition
 Dactyloscopy – (derived from
the Latin words Dactyl =
finger and Skopien – to study
or examine) is the practical
application of the science of
fingerprints.
 Dactylography – is the
scientific study of fingerprint
as a means of identification.
 Dactylomancy – is the
scientific study of fingerprint
for purposes of personality
interpretation.
 Dermatoglyphics = is the
science which deals with the
study of skin pattern. It is
derived from two Greek
words, Derma which means
Skin and Glype which means
Carve.
1. Individuality
-No two persons have the
same fingerprint (based on
Statistic Probability)
2. Infallibility
-That fingerprint is a positive
and reliable means of
identification. It cannot be
easily be forged.
3. Constancy or Permanency
-That the friction ridge once
fully developed its arrangement
will remains the same
throughout man’s life.
Is an impression design by the
first joint of the fingers and
thumb on smooth surface
through the media of ink,
sweat or any substance
capable of producing
visibility.
1. Chiroscopy
-( Greek word “ Cheir” – a
hand, “Skopien” –to
examine) is the science
which deals with the study
of the prints of the palms of
the hand.
2. Podoscopy
-( Greek word “Podo” – the
foot, and Skopien – to
examine)is the science which
deals with the study of the
footprints.
3. Poroscopy
-(Greek word “poros” – a pare,
and “Skopien” – to examine) is
the scientific study of the
arrangement of the sweat
pores. (Edmond Locard- Father
of Poroscopy)
 Phalange
-is the skeletal finger covered with
friction skin. It is made up of three
bones.
1. Basal or proximal phalange
- it is located at the base of the finger
nearest the palm.
2. Middle phalange
- the next and above the basal done.
3. Terminal phalange
- the particular bone covered with
friction skin, having all the different
types of fingerprint patterns and it is
located near the tip of the finger.
 Friction Skin
- is an epidermal hairless skin found on
the ventral or lower surface of the hands
and feet covered with ridges and
furrows.(Also called as Papillary skin).
Ridges Furruws
1. Ridge surface
a. Ridge – the elevated or hill
like structure/ the black lines with
tiny white dots.
b. Furrow – the depressed or canal
like structure/ the white space
between ridges.
2. Sweat pores – the tiny opening/ the
tiny white dots.
3. Sweat duct – the passage way.
4. Sweat glands – the producers of
sweat.
1. Epidermis – the outermost layer
a. Stratum Corneum,
b. Stratum mucosum

2. Dermis – the inner layer

containing the blood vessel,
dermal papillae, various glands
and nerves.
 Ridge Formation – (Ridges starts to form in
the fingers and thumb during the 3rd to 4th
months of the fetus life.)
 Dermal Papillae - are irregular pegs composed
of delicate connective tissue protruding and
forming the ridges of the skin on the fingers,
palms, toes and soles of the feet.
 Ridge Destruction – destruction of the friction
skin can either be temporary or permanent.
Generally temporary destruction occur when only
the epidermis layer of the friction skin has been
damage, while permanent damage can be
injected to the friction skin due to damage to the
dermis layer.
General Rules on Ridge Destruction
a. Destruction of the Epidermis – temporary,
dermis – permanent damage.
b. Cut - a depth of more than 1 mm will
constitute permanent scar.
 Groups or Families of Fingerprint
• Three (3)
• Arch (2) Loop(2) Whorl (4)
 Plain Radial Plain, Central,
 Tented Ulnar Double & Accidental

Types of Patter (under the Galton/Henry

System)
=== 9 types
Types of Pattern at present (Galton-
Henry System with FBI modification
and extension)
=== 8 types
1. The Arch (5%)
a. Plain Arch (A) – is a
pattern in which the ridges
flows from one side to the
other side with a slight raise
at the center.
b. Tented Arch (T) – is a
type of pattern having either
an angle, uptrust or an
incomplete loop form.
 Types of Tented arch
 Angle type = a tented arch with a
short vertical ridge forming an angle
of 90 degrees or more.

 Uptrust= a horizontal ridge that

makes a sufficient rise at the center.

 Incomplete loop = similar to a loop

with missing one or two elements.
Plain arch and Tented arch
2. The Loop (60%)
Elements of loop
1. A core 3. A sufficient
Recurve
2. A delta 4. At least one
Ridge count
a. Radial Loop (RH=/. LH=\) is
a type of loop pattern in which
the slanting or looping ridge
flows towards the thumb finger.
b. Ulnar Loop (RH=\, LH=/) is a
type of loop pattern in which
the slanting or looping ridge
flows towards the little finger.
Radial =Left Hand (\) Right Hand (/)
Ulnar = Left hand (/) Right Hand (\)
3. The Whorl (35%)
Basic Elements of Whorl
1. Two or more Deltas
2. At least one complete circuiting
ridge
a. Plain Whorl (W)
- At least one circuiting ridge is
touched or crossed by the imaginary
line traversing between the two
deltas.
b. Central Pocket Loop Whorl
- No circuiting ridge within the
pattern area is touched or cross by
an imaginary line drawn between the
c. Double Loop Whorl
1. Two separate loop formation
2. Two Separate and distinct
shoulder
3. Two deltas
d. Accidental Whorl
1. A combination of two different
patterns with the exception of
the plain arch.
2. Two deltas
 Whorl Family

Plain Whorl Central pocket Loop Whorl

Accidental Whorl
Basic Types of Ridges (Ridge dot, Short
ridge, Ending ridge and bifurcation)
1. Ridge Dot (island ridge) – refers to a
ridge formation in a form of a dot or
period.
Fragment = not more than 1 mm.
2. Converging Ridge – two ridges that
meets at a certain point

3. Diverging Ridge – two ridges that

spread apart
4. Bifurcation – a ridge formation in
which a single ridge splits or divides
into two or more ridges. Resembling a
fork shape

5. Enclosure or Lake ridge (Eyelet)– a

single ridge that divides into two but
does not remain open and meet at a
certain point to form the original
single ridge.
6. Short ridge = more than 1mm but
less than 1 cm.
7. Ending ridge – it refers to an abrupt end
of a ridge
8. Type lines – is a diverging ridge that
tends to surround the pattern area and
serves as a basic boundary of
fingerprint imprression.
9. Pattern Area – is a part of a loop of
whorl pattern surrounded by the type
lines and consisting of the delta, the
core and other ridges.
10. Recurving ridge – a single
ridges that curves back to the
direction where it started.

11. Sufficient Recurve – a

recurving ridge which is
complete with its should and
free from any appendage.
12. Appendage – is a short ridge
found at the top or summit of a
recurve.

13. Rod or Bar – is a short or long

ridge found inside the recurve and
directed towards the core
14. Obstruction ridge – is a short
ridge found inside the recurve
which blocks the inner line of flow
towards the core.
1. The Delta (also called the outer
terminus) is a point along a
ridge formation found at the
center or near the center of the
diverging type lines.
2. The Core (also known as the
heart or the inner terminus)
usually found at the center or
innermost recurve.
1. Rolled Impression – are
fingerprint impression taken
individually by rolling each
finger from one side to the
other side and from the tip to
the end of the first joint.
2. Plain Impression – are
impression made by
simultaneously pressing the
finger to the card, use as a
reference to classification.
Thumb Index Middle Ring Little
2 4

1 3 5
6 8 10

7 9
1. Ink Slab – is a metallic or glass plate
where the ink is spread for purpose
2. Ink Roller – is a rubber made roller
designed to spread the fingeprint ink to
the slab.
3. Fingerprint Ink – is a special form of ink
designed for taking fingerprint
impression sometimes submitted with a
printer’s ink.
4. Fingerprint card – is an 8” x 8” card
designed for recording fingerprint
impression
5. Card holder – usually a fixed card holder
placed in a flat table designed to prevent
the movement of the card in the course
of the taking of the fingerprint
1. Subject should be instructed
to stand straight but relax
facing the slab.
2. The subject hand should be
completely dry
3. Thumb fingers are rolled
towards the body while other
fingers are rolled away from
the body.
 Magnifying Glass = Refers to an instrument
used for examination of developed prints:
 Two common types of magnifying lenses:
 Linen Tester = having an opening one inch
square, with fixed focus, and which can be
folded and carried in the pocket when
necessary.
 Bausch & Lomb Magnifier = (also known as
Horse Shoe Magnifier) a magnifying glass with
a built in stand and an adjustable lens to suit
the visual sight of the examiner.
 Fingerprint Powders = Refers to the
powder used in developing latent prints found
in the scene of crime; They are normally
found in two: the black and the white or gray,
which is applied depending upon the
contrasting background.
 Fingerprint Brushes = refers to an
instrument used for powdering latent prints.
There are three variations of brushes used: the
fiberglass, magnetic and feather type.
 Fingerprint lifting tapes = Refers to a tapes
used for lifting of developed latent prints which
is quite harder than an ordinary tapes. It has
three varieties: the frosted, rubber and
transparent.
Latent Prints Transfer Cards =Refers to a
card used in preserving lifted latent prints
which is either white or black in background.
1. Checking= verifying the sequence or
proper placement of the rolled
impression using the plain impression.

2. Blocking-out
- is the process if placing under each
pattern the letter symbols
representing their pattern
interpretation prior to the actual
classification formula.
 Classification formula
 Primary = represented by numerical value
assigned to whorl
 Secondary = combination of capital and
small letters (rat).
 Sub-secondary = ridge counting and ridge
tracing of whorl and loop on the index,
middle and ring fingers.
 Major = derived from both thumb
 Final = derived from both little finger.
Placed on extreme right.
 Key = ridge count of the first loop except
little finger, placed on the extreme left.
 CLASSIFICATION FORMULA

a. Primary Division - Always represented by

a numerical value assigned to whorl patterns
depending on what finger they appear.
Arch and Loop are non-numerical patterns.
A, T, / \ = Zero (0)

Whorl patterns.(WCDX)
Finger 1 and 2 Right Thumb and Right Index
(16)
Finger 3 and 4 Right middle and Right Ring
(8)
Finger 5 and 6 Right little and Left Thumb
(4)
Finger 7 and 8 Left Index and Left middle
(2)
Finger 9 and 10 Left Ring and Left Little
(1)
 The sum of the numerical value assigned to even
number of
finger represent the numerator and the sum of the
assigned value
to odd number represent the denominator Plus the
Pre-established fraction of l/1 to complete the
primary.

b. Secondary – Represented by Capital and

small letter combination based on interpretation
made during the blocking.
Capital letter – derived from the index fingers
which can be (A, T, U, R, W, C, D or
X).
Small letter – derived from the thumb, middle,
ring and little fingers.

It only includes the radial loop (r), plain arch (a)

and tented arch (t). “rat”
 c. Sub-secondary Division – derived
by ridge counting of loop and ridge
Tracing of whorl found at the index, middle
ring fingers only.
c.1 Ridge Counting of Loop
Index Finger 1 to 9 Ridge Count = I
10 or more =0
Middle Finger 1 to 10 Ridge Count = I
11 or more =0
Ring Finger 1 to 13 Ridge Count = I
14 or more =0
Ridge counting = the process of counting
the ridge cross by the line from delta to
core.
Incipient Ridge = ridge that is so thin or
fine, not included as a ridge count.
c.2 Ridge Tracing of Whorl ( counting the
intervening ridges between the tracing
ridge and right delta.)
Inner Whorl (I) When the tracing goes
above or inside the right delta and there
are three (3) or more intervening ridges.

Outer Whorl (O) when the tracing ridge

goes below or outside the right delta and
there are three (3) or more intervening
ridges.
Meeting Whorl (M) when there are only
two or less intervening ridge/s

c.3 Plain Arch and Tented Arch are always

 d. Major Division (Taken from
Thumb fingers only)
d.1 Whorl = Ridge tracing = I, O,
or M.
d.2 Loop = Ridge Counting = S, M or L
Table 1 Table 2
1 to 11 = S 1 to 17 = S

12 to 16 = M 18 to 22 = M
17 or more = L 23 or more = L
d.3 Arch = dash (-)
 e. Final Division (derived from the little
fingers only).
e.1 Loop and Whorl are both subject to ridge
counting.
Radial or Ulnar
Plain or Central pocket loop Whorl = will be
treated as an ulnar loop.
Double loop Whorl – get the ridge count of
the top loop
Accidental Whorl = get the least ridge count.
e.2 Arch = dash (-)
f. Key Division = derived by getting the
ridge count of the first (l) loop except the
little fingers. In the absence of the loop, the
first whorl will be ridge counted for the
purpose.
 Reference Classification Formula
- is an additional formula serve as a
reference in case of doubtful prints.
Place the bottom of the
classification formula.
 Latent Prints
- prints found at the scene of the
crime.
Chance Prints
- Prints left on surface accidentally or
unconsciously.
- Smudged Prints

- - prints made by sliding motion of

the finger.
- Fragmentary Prints

- - Partial prints impression.

1. Visible prints - are those prints which are
readily visible to the naked eye. It can
either be: Molded prints or Prints made
by contamination with colored
substance.
2. Invisible prints - prints that are generally
made by sweat or perspiration that
requires developing for visibility.
Factors Affecting Stability or Prints at the
Crime Scene
a. Subject Factor
b. Nature of the surface
c. Climatic Condition
1. Dusting Method - considered as the simplest
and traditional methods used in developing
prints at the scene of the crime. (Use of
Powder and Brush)
2. Rolling Method - basically used in
developing prints in paper done by simply
rolling the paper with powder spreading in
its surface.
3. Fuming Methods - done by using chemical
fumes such as Iodine and Ammonium
Fumes.
4. Silver Nitrate Method – done by spraying a 5
percent solution of silver nitrate to the
surface of the paper.
5. Ninhydrin Method - is considered as one of
the best method used in developing prints in
paper.
6. Laser Method - is a modern method of
tracing and developing prints.
 Post Mortem Fingerprints
- are prints taken from a
diseased person.