LECTURE PRESENTATION FOR

CVE 719 – CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

UDUEBOR MICHEAL A. 10/03/18
PRELIMINARIES
•NAME
•ATTENDANCE
•VIDEO FOR CLASSES
•OFFICE LOCATION
•LABS?
•FORMULA SHEETS FOR EXAMS
•GROUP PRESENTATIONS

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INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
•COMMON CE MATERIALS •LESS COMMON CE MATERIALS
• AGGREGATES • ALUMINIUM
• PORTLAND CEMENT • GLASS
• STEEL • PLASTIC
• PRECAST CONCRETE • GEOTEXTILES
• CONCRETE AND CLAY MASONRY
• WOOD & TIMBER
•DEVELOPING AREAS
• ASPHALT • FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITE
• SOILS • HIG PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

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INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
•MATERIAL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
• ECONOMIC FACTORS
• MECHNICAL PROPERTIES
• NON-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• PRODUCTION/CONSTRUCTION
• AESTHETIC PROPERTIES
• EMPHASIS
• CLIENT’S NEEDS
• FACILITY’S FUNCTION

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INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
•ECONOMIC FACTORS
• RAW MATERIAL COST
• AVAILABILITY
• MANUFACTURING COST
• TRANSPORTATION COST
• CONSTRUCTABILITY
• MAINTENANCE COSTS
• LIFE CYCLE COSTS

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INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
•MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• HOW WILL MATERIAL RESPOND TO EXTERNAL LOADING?
• HOW WILL MATERIAL DEFORM UNDER LOADING DEPENDING ON
• MATERIAL PPTS
• MAGNITUDE OF LOAD
• TYPE OF LOAD
• GEOMETRY OF THE ELEMENT

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INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
•AESTHETIC PROPERTIES
• PRESSURE OF ARCHITECTS
• ECONOMICS
• POLITICAL
•PRODUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION
• AVAILABILITY
• FORM (SHAPE)
• SPACE
• WORKFORCE – EXPERIENCE
•EMPHASIS
• STRUCTURE MUST MEET CLIENT’S NEEDS
• FUNCTION OF THE FACILITY

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AGGREGATES
PROPERTIES, GRADATION (SIEVE) ANALYSIS, CLASSIFICATION &
BLENDING
AGGREGATES
•Aggregates (crushed rocks or stone) are one of the most
fundamental civil engineering materials used in
construction. They tend to serve two main purposes:
• underlying material in foundations or pavements
• ingredients in Portland cement concrete or asphalt concretes

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AGGREGATES
•Sources of aggregates
• Natural:
• Natural sand & gravel pits, river rock
• Quarries (crushed)
• Manufactured & recycled materials:
• Pulverized concrete & asphalt
• Steel mill slag
• Steel slugs
• expanded shale
• Styrofoam

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AGGREGATES
•Geological classifications of aggregates
• Igneous
• Sedimentary
• Metamorphic
•All three classes of rock are used successfully in civil engr.
applications.
• Check physical, chemical and mechanical properties,
supplemented by mineralogical examination
• Historical performance in similar design

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AGGREGATES
•The two main classifications for aggregates are gravels
and sands, which relate to the size of individual
particles
• We determine particle size and gradation using sieves.
• Maximum particle size = 6 inches
• Minimum particle size = 5 microns or 0.005mm
• Coarse aggregate (gravel) is defined as aggregate that is
retained on the No. 4 sieve.
• Fine aggregate (sand) is defined as aggregate that passes
the No. 4 sieve.

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2017/2018 CVE PGD CVE 719 – CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS 13
AGGREGATES
•We determine particle size and gradation using sieves.
• Larger sieves are designated in inches:
• 3”, 2 ½”, 2”, 1 ½”, 1”, ¾”, ½”, 3/8”, ¼”
• Smaller sieves are designated by sieve number:
• No. 4, No. 10, No. 20, No. 30, No. 40, No. 50, No. 60, No. 100, No. 200
• The numbers refer to the opening s per inch
• The bigger the sieve number, the smaller the grain size
• For example, consider the No. 4 sieve.
• Because of the thickness of the wires, the openings in a No. 4 sieve are
slightly less than ¼ inch
• Specifically, a No. 4 sieve has a 4.75mm opening
• Similarly, a No. 10 sieve has a 2mm opening.

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AGGREGATES
•Traditional
•Maximum aggregate size – the
largest sieve size that allows all
the aggregates to pass
•Nominal maximum aggregate
size – the first sieve to retain
some aggregate, generally less
than 10%
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•Superpave
•Maximum aggregate size – one
sieve size larger than the nominal
maximum aggregate size
•Nominal maximum aggregate
size – one sieve larger than the
first sieve to retain more than
10% of the aggregate
15
AGGREGATES
•Uses of Aggregates
•Under foundation and pavements
• Stability
• Drainage
• Filler

•Behind retaining walls

• Stability
• drainage
• filler

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AGGREGATES
•Portland Cement Concrete (PCC)
Aggregates acts a filler to reduce paste
• More aggregates cheaper concrete
• More aggregate higher quality concrete
In a PCC, aggregate is:
• 60 – 75% of volume
• 80 – 85% of weight
•Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete
Aggregate is key to strength and stability
In a HMA concrete aggregate is:
• 80 – 90% of volume
• 90 – 96% of weight

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AGGREGATES
•Properties of Aggregates
• Shape and texture
• Soundness
• Toughness
• Moisture states
• Specific gravity
• Strength and modulus
• Gradation
• Deleterious materials and cleanness
• Alkaline reactivity
• Affinity for asphalt

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AGGREGATES
•Properties of Aggregates

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AGGREGATES
•Properties of Aggregates
•Particle Shape & Surface Texture
• Determines how materials packs into a dense configuration.
• Determines mobility of aggregate within a concrete mix
(workability)

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AGGREGATES
•Properties of Aggregates
•Particle Shape & Surface Texture
Flatness – How flat are the individual particles?
Elongation – How long are the individual particles?
• Can be flat, elongated and a combination of both
• Flat and/or elongated particles can:
Lead to easy breakage
Cause difficulty during compaction

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AGGREGATES
•Properties of Aggregates
•Coarse Aggregate Particle Shape •Fine Aggregate Particle Shape &
& Surface Texture Evaluation Surface Texture Evaluation
Texture and angularity – fractured faces Fine aggregate <1/4” too small for individual
Visual inspection to determine the percent inspection
of aggregates with: Estimated by determining the uncompacted
No fractured faces void content of a sample of aggregate
One fractured face ASTM C1252
More than one fractured face

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AGGREGATES
•Properties of Aggregates
•Soundness and Durability
Resistance to weathering
• Water freezing in voids and fractures

Conduct ASTM C88

• Determine mass of sample
• Soak in sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solution for 16 hours
• Dry for 4 hours
• Repeat 5 cycles
• Measure mass loss

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AGGREGATES
•Properties of Aggregates
•Toughness and Abrasion Resistance
Resistance to damage due to loads

Conduct ASTM C131 & C535

• Determine specific gradation of sample
• “Roll” sample in steel drum with standard steel spheres.
Rotate for 500 revolutions
Measure mass loss
• Percent loss = Los Angeles abrasion number

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AGGREGATES
•Moisture States & Moisture Content
•Four moisture states (note the definitions of the weight shown):

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AGGREGATES
•Moisture States & Moisture Content
•Important terminology in regards to moisture:
• Absorption is the moisture content in the SSD condition
• Free moisture is the moisture in excess of the SSD condition
• Percent free moisture = moist condition – SSD condition
• Important in concrete proportioning
• Negative free moisture – aggregate absorbs water to fill voids
• Positive free moisture – aggregate gives water to cement paste, but keeps voids filled

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AGGREGATES
•Moisture States & Moisture Content
•Referring back to our previously defined states

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AGGREGATES
•Example 1
•Given the following information, determine the total moisture
content and the free moisture content of the following sample:
•Moist mass = 625.2g
•Dry mass = 589.9g
•Absorption = 1.6%

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AGGREGATES
•Specific Gravity
•One of the most fundamental material parameters is its specific gravity, or
the ratio of a substance’s density to the density of water:
- ρ = density = M/V = γ/g
- γ = unit weight = W/V

•For water
- Density @ 4oC = 1g/cm3
- Unit Weight @ 4oC = 9.807 kN/m3

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AGGREGATES
•Specific Gravity
• Specific gravity can change based on moisture content and unit weight
• Voids on the surface of aggregates create multiple moisture conditions and
therefore multiple specific gravity values.
• Gsb = Bulk Gs – Dry
• Gsb-sd = Bulk Gs – Saturated Surface Dry (SSD)
• Gsa = Apparent Gs

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AGGREGATES
•Specific Gravity
• Standard Test Method for Gs and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate – ASTM C127
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3GEtVn0nz8

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AGGREGATES
•Specific Gravity
• Standard Test Method for Gs and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate

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AGGREGATES
•Specific Gravity
• Standard Test Method for Gs and Absorption of Fine Aggregate – ASTM C128

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiQ4AjBui8E

• Where
• A = Dry Weight
• B = Weight of pycnometer filled with water
• C = Weight of pycnometer filled with aggregate & water
• S = Saturated surface dry weight of aggregate

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AGGREGATES
•Aggregate Sampling
•Random and representative
Sample from entire width of conveyor belts at several locations, stop belt during
sampling.
Sample from top, middle and bottom of stockpile at several locations around
stockpile diameter.
Sampling tubes for fine aggregates
Sample size is governed by nominal max. particle size
Sample splitting or quartering to reduce sample from large stockpile or pit to 1-5 kg
sample size.

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AGGREGATES
•Aggregate Sampling
•Methods of sampling and handling

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AGGREGATES
•Aggregate Handling
- Minimize segregation, degradation, and contamination
- Avoiding Segregation
- Separation into components with similar characteristics
- Rounded aggregate segregate easier than angular aggregates.
- Big aggregates segregate easier than small aggregates.
- Any movement of aggregates promotes segregation
- Small drop height
- Build stockpiles in multiple cones
- Avoiding degradation
- Small drop height.

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AGGREGATES
•Unit Weight
• Bulk Unit Weight & Voids in a volume:
- The voids considered were within the “volume” of the aggregate particle.
- Typically we need to know the mass or weight of aggregate required to fill a specific volume.
- Bulk Unit weight is the weight of aggregate to fill a “unit” volume.

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AGGREGATES
•Unit Weight
• Loose Bulk Unit Weight
- Place DRY aggregate into container of known volume
- Limit drop < 2 inch above rim of container
- Strike off aggregate level with top of container
- Determine weight of aggregate in container, Ws
- Compute unit weight

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AGGREGATES
•Unit Weight
• Compacted Bulk Unit Weight
- Shovel DRY aggregate into container of known volume
- Fill to 1/3 of volume
- Rod 25 times
- Repeat for 2nd and 3rd
- Determine weight of aggregate in container, Ws
- Compute unit weight

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AGGREGATES
•Percent of Voids in a Volume
• Also of importance is to determine the
percentage of voids in a given volume of
aggregate:
• V = total volume = Vv + Vs
• Vv = volume of voids
• Vs = volume of solids

• We can simplify this computation using the

previous definitions of specific gravity and
unit weight

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AGGREGATES
•Example 2
•Given the following information, determine the bulk unit weight and
the percent volume of voids of the following sample:
• Volume of mold = 8.5m3
• Tare of mold = 9.53kg
• Weight of tare and coarse aggregate = 26.85kg
• Bulk specific gravity = 2.63

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AGGREGATES
•Sieve Analysis
•Gradation describes the size distribution of particles in aggregates:
• Important for base and concrete/asphalt mixing
•In general:
Coarse aggregates (coarse fraction)
• Retained on the No. 4 sieve (4.75 mm).
Fine aggregates (fine fraction)
• Passes the No. 4 sieve and larger than No. 200 sieve
Fines (different than fine aggregate) are finer than No. 200 sieve (silts and
clays)

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AGGREGATES
•Sieve Analysis
•Gradation is evaluated by passing an aggregate sample through a series of
sieves. A sieve analysis describes the distribution of particles in the sample.

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AGGREGATES

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AGGREGATES
•Sieve Analysis
•Three gradation curve shapes
• Well graded (High Desnity Gradation)
• Soil grains are equally distributed over a wide range

• Poorly Graded (uniformly graded)

• Most of the soil grains are the same size, vertical areas.

• Gap graded
• Absence of Intermediate size soil grains

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AGGREGATES
•Sieve Analysis
•ASTM C136 Standard Test Method for Sieve
Analysis:
Applies to coarse and fine aggregates
•Washed aggregate particles are mechanically
shaken through a nest of sieves
 For coarse aggregates analysis the nest
typically consists of sieve nos. 3”, 1.5”, 1”, 0.5”,
3/8”, ¼” and No.4.
For fine aggregates analysis the nest consists
typically of sieve nos. 4, 10,20,40,60,140 and
200.

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AGGREGATES
•Sieve Analysis Procedure •Potential Sources of Error
Obtain dry weight of sample Material caught in sieve

Sieve not washed properly

Record the tare weight of each sieve
and the pan. Loss in “dust”

Out-of-balance scale
Place sample on the nest of sieves.
Different scales used
• Larger sieve on top, do not forget the
pan at the bottom Material on the surface

Spillage
Shake for 5 minutes on sieve shaker
Moisture loss
Record weight of each sieve and pan Recording Error
with aggregate.
Anything less then 2% is OK! (Difference between sample weight and
total of weights retained on sieves)

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AGGREGATES
• Classification of Aggregates
•Aggregate Specifications
Aggregates Specifications control the
gradation of an aggregate by defining
the upper and lower limit for a particle
size
Assures the behavior of the aggregate
• Strength
• Stability
• Permeability
• Handling

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AGGREGATES
• Classification of Aggregates

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AGGREGATES
• Sieve Analysis
•Aggregate Fineness Modulus
A measure of the relative fineness or coarseness of fine aggregate
sample
Used for
• Concrete mix design
• Daily quality control for control mixes

• Sieve sequences includes

No. 100, 50, 30, 16, 8, 4 and 3/8 inch (max particle size – 3/8 inch)
• Range of 2.3 – 3.1 for fine aggregate types
Larger FM indicating a coarser aggregate

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AGGREGATES
• Sieve Analysis
•Aggregate Fineness Modulus
A measure of the relative fineness or coarseness of fine aggregate
sample
Used for
• Concrete mix design
• Daily quality control for control mixes

• Sieve sequences includes

No. 100, 50, 30, 16, 8, 4 and 3/8 inch (max particle size – 3/8 inch)
• Range of 2.3 – 3.1 for fine aggregate types
Larger FM indicating a coarser aggregate

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AGGREGATES
•Example 4
•Determine the fineness modulus for the following sieve stack.

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AGGREGATES
•Properties of Aggregates
•Deleterious Materials and Cleanness
Deleterious Substances
Organic impurities
Minus No. 200 (0.075 mm)(75 µm)
Coal or lignite
Clay lumps
Friable particles
Low density
Soft

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AGGREGATES
•Properties of Aggregates
•Alkaline Reactivity
Silica in some aggregates react with sodium oxide and potassium oxide in Portland
Cement. Reaction is worse in humid and warm climates.

• Causes
Expansion
Cracking
Popouts

• Methods of prevention
Mix design is modified
Type II cement (low alkali) is used
Add additional limestone to mix to reduce reaction

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AGGREGATES
•Properties of Aggregates
•Affinity for Asphalt
Stripping
• Moisture causes asphalt binder to separate from
aggregate
• Reduces durability of asphalt concrete

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AGGREGATES
•Blending of Aggregates
•We can take two aggregate gradations and combine them to create
the aggregate gradation desired
If three or more aggregates are combined then the process becomes
trial and error
•Blending is typically for gradation, but for other properties of an
aggregate can be blended
Angularity, absorption, strength, modulus, specific gravity and density

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AGGREGATES
•Blending of Aggregates
•Let’s say we have two aggregates that we need to blend in order to
meet a given set of specifications:
•Aggregates

•Specification:

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AGGREGATES
•Blending of Aggregates
•Aggregate Blending (Graphical)

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AGGREGATES
•Blending of Aggregates
•Aggregate Blending (Graphical)

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AGGREGATES
•Blending of Aggregates
•Aggregate Blending (Graphical)
Plot the aggregate gradation for
each aggregate on the left and
right axes
For each sieve size draw a line
connecting the left and right
axes.

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AGGREGATES
•Blending of Aggregates
•Aggregate Blending (Graphical)
Plot the aggregate gradation for
each aggregate on the left and
right axes
For each sieve size draw a line
connecting the left and right
axes.
Plot the specification range on
the line representing each sieve

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AGGREGATES
•Blending of Aggregates
•Aggregate Blending (Graphical)
Draw a vertical line through the
rightmost point of the upper limit
and through the leftmost point of
the lower limit
Any vertical line drawn between
the vertical limit lines will meet the
specifications
Where the vertical line intersects
the top and bottom axes indicates
the percentage of Aggregates A&B
required

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AGGREGATES
•Blending of Aggregates
•Aggregate Blending (Graphical)
Draw a horizontal line from the
vertical blend line to give an
estimate of the gradation of the
blend

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AGGREGATES
•Blending of Aggregates
•To compute properties of a blend, you essentially use a weighted average
approach for each aggregate
•Other than specific gravity or density, you can compute a property of a
blend using the approach shown:
X = composite property desired
Pi = fraction of aggregate “I” by weight X = P1X1 + P2X2 + P3X3 +…
• The sum of Pi should be equal to 100%
Xi = property of aggregate “i”
•Note: This applies to the entire stockpile!

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AGGREGATES
•Example 5
•Two stockpiles fine aggregate have known angularity values of 35%
(A) and 70% (B). These aggregates were blended for gradation
purposes at a ratio of 40% (A) and 60% (B) by weight.
Determine the percent angularity of blend.
Note: Angularity is of the entire stockpile

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AGGREGATES
•Blending of Aggregates
•To compute properties of a blend, you essentially use a weighted average approach for
each aggregate
•Other than specific gravity or density, you can compute a property of a blend using the
approach shown:
X = composite property desired
Pi = fraction of aggregate “I” by weight
• The sum of Pi should be equal to 100%
Pi = fraction of aggregate “I” that passes/retains on the dividing sieve
• Coarse/fine fraction
Xi = property of aggregate “i”
•Note: This applies to part of the stockpile (coarse or fine aggregates)!

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AGGREGATES
•Example 6
•Two stockpiles aggregates were blended for gradation purposes at a
ratio of 30% (A) and 70% (B) by weight.
These stockpiles have known angularity values for coarse fraction of
35% (A) and 65% (B).
Stockpile A has 40% fine fraction.
Stockpile B has 25% fine fraction.

•Determine the coarse angularity of the final blend of aggregates.

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AGGREGATES
•Blending of Aggregates
•When blending the properties od specific gravity or density of two or more
stockpiles that apply to the entire stockpile, the following relationship is utilized
Gs = composite specific gravity
Pi = fraction of aggregate “I” by weight
• The sum of Pi should equal 100%
Gsi = specific gravity of aggregate “i”

•Note: This applies to the entire stockpile

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