Otto Cycle

• An otto cycle is an idealized (theoretical)

thermodynamic cycle which describes the functioning
of a typical spark ignition engine (Petrol engine)
• Otto cycle describes what happens to a mass of gas
inside a spark ignited engine which is subjected to
changes of pressure, temperature, volume , addition
and remove of heat etc.
• Otto cycle is invented by the German engineer Nikolaus
Otto.
• Otto cycle is used in petrol engine.
 Otto cycle explained
Otto cycle is explained with the help of a pressure-volume diagram.
• Intake stroke (0 to 1):Piston moves from TDC to BDC (air is drawn
into cylinder)
• Compression stroke (1 to 2 ): Piston moves from BDC to TDC
(Adiabatic* compression pressure increases)
• Ignition (2 to 3): Spark ignites the air fuel mixture (Constant
volume compression pressure increases)
• Power Stroke (3 to 4): Piston moves from TDC to BDC (Adiabatic*
expansion pressure decreases)
• Exhaust stroke (4 to 1): Piston moves from BDC to TDC (constant
volume expansion)
 Diesel Cycle
• A diesel cycle is an idealized thermodynamic
cycle which describes the functioning of a
compression ignited engine (Diesel engine)
• Diesel cycle describe what happens to a mass of
gas inside a compression ignited engine, Which
is subjected to change of pressure, temperature,
volume, addition and removal of heat etc.
• Diesel cycle is invented by the German engineer
Rudolf Diesel
 Diesel cycle explained
Diesel cycle is explained with the help of a pressure volume diagram.
• Intake stroke ( 0 to 1 ): Piston moves from TDC to BDC (air is drawn into the
cylinder)
• Compression Stroke (1 to 2): Piston moves from BDC to TDC (adiabatic
compression – pressure increase)
• Heating of mixture (2 to 3): Fuel is injected and ignited with the heat
produce from compression(Isobaric process)
• Power stroke(3 to 4): Piston moves from TDC to BDC (adiabatic expansion)
• Exhaust Stroke(4 to 1): Piston moves from BDC to TDC (Constant volume
expansion)

*An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which there into or out of the system.
*An isobaric process is a thermodynamic process in which the pressure is remain constant.
 Automotive Fuels
• Fuels common ly use in IC engine
– Petrol
– Diesel
– LPG(Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
– CNG(Compressed Natural Gas)
 Properties of fuel
Petrol
• Highly inflammable
• Ignites even with a small spark
• Higher auto ignition temperature
• Ignited with the help of spark in I.C engine
 Properties of fuel
Diesel
• Not highly inflammable as petrol
• Does not ignites with spark
• Lower auto ignition temperature
• Ignited with the help of Compression in I.C
engine
 Properties of fuel
LPG
• LPG is Liquefied Petroleum Gas also know as
cooking gas, which mainly consists of propane and
butane liquefied at 15 degree Celsius and a pressure
of 1.7 -7.5 bar.
• It is highly inflammable and heavier than air, in
event of leakage will settle to ground and
accumulate in low lying areas, since it is difficult to
disperse risk is more.
• LPG can used in spark ignited engine (Petrol engine)
 Properties of fuel
CNG
• CNG is compressed Natural Gas, which is mainly
methane compressed at a pressure of 200 to
248 bars.
• It is lighter than air and hence disperses quickly
in the event of leakage, hence risk of fire is less
compared to LPG.
• CNG produce less energy than the equivalent
amount of LPG.
• CNG can be used in spark ignited engine.
Requirement for complete combustion of fuel
• During combustion (burring) of fuel, oxygen react with the fuel and produce heat energy.
• If the air supplied to fuel is less, fuel will not burn completely.
• For complete combustion, the amount of fuel and air should be maintained at a particular
ratio know as stoichiometric ratio
• Air- fuel ratio required for complete combustion of fuel varies according to the fuel.

The air-fuel ratio required for complete combustion of different fuels are given below

Fuel Air- Fuel ratio required for complete combustion

Petrol 14.7:1

Diesel 14.5:1

LPG 15.67:1

CNG 17.2:1
 Pascal’s Law
• Pascal’s law states that an external pressure
applied to a fluid in a closed vessel is
uniformly transmitted throughout the fluid,
 Force Multiplication
• By varying the cross section area of pistons, the output force can be multiplied.
• Consider two pistons with different cross section area (one piston is smaller and
other is bigger one)
• If we were applying force on smaller piston, pressure is developed on the fluid.
• Since the area of cross section is small, pressure developed will be high (pressure
(P)=Force/Area)
• So according to Pascal’s law this high pressure is equally transmitted through the fluid
and applies the same pressure on large piston, since the are of cross section of larger
piston is more, the force developed on larger piston will be higher (Force =
Pressure*Area)
Application of Pascal’s Law
 Hydraulic brake
• Hydraulic brake allows to stop a heavy car with a small force applied
on the brake pedal.
• The small force applied on the piston of master cylinder with small
cross-sectional area multiplies to a large force on the piston of wheel
cylinder with large cross section area, which will stop the heavy car.