Quiz ==== 5%

1. One of the following is a waste liquid with out excreta and

urine. (1 points)

A. Sewage B. Sullage C. Sewer

2. Which one of the following is known as a sedimentation
tank of masonry (cement plastered from inside), or concrete
(1 points)
A. Septic tank B. Cesspools C. Soak pits

3. What is human/liquid waste management? (1 points)

4. Public health importance of liquid waste (2 points)

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 Chapter 2:
Liquid/Human waste management

• Definition of terms

• Public Health importance of liquid waste

• Common disposal methods

• Municipal treatment and disposal systems

2/11/2019:
chertesema@gmail.com and 3
0913014126
 Liquid/Human waste management
• Definitions

• Liquid Wastes

– wastes in liquid form

– Domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from

ponds, manufacturing industries & other sources

• Sewage /waste water /liquid waste

– Used water from a home or community including toilet,

bath, laundry, lavatory, and kitchen- sink wastes, and

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surface run off
 Liquid/Human waste management
• Waste water may be:-

• Sanitary sewage, Industrial sewage, Storm/Rain

water/fluid/ sewage. Mixture of the three

• What is human waste management:

– It is the proper collecting and disposing of excreta and

sewage so as not to endanger the health of individuals and
the environment

– Human faeces and urine together composed of about 95%

water
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 Liquid/Human waste…
• Sanitary sewage/domestic sewage

– Contains human wastes and wash water from homes, public

buildings or commercial and industrial establishments

• Industrial sewage

– Is the used water from manufacturing processes, usually

carrying a variety of chemical compounds

• Storm sewage/storm water

– Is the surface run off caused by rain fall

– It carries organics, suspended & dissolved solids, & other

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substances picked up as it travels over the ground
 Sewerage line and s

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 Human waste management…
• what is Sewage mean?

– It is a liquid state of waste matter including: faeces, urine,

sullage, wastes arising the activity of washing, cleaning, etc

– Sewage can be domestic and industrial origins

• Sewerage

– Drainage system used to remove & dispose the sewage

• Excreta

– The waste matter mainly faces & urine eliminated from the
body
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 Public health importance of liquid waste
1. Source of infection

– Human excreta is source of diseases

• Ascariasis, Typhoid, Shigellosis, Hook worm,

Amoebiasis, Cholera, Giardia, Poliomyelitis

2. Economic impacts

– Cost of treatment per infection

– Loss of work days

– Work load to families & health personnel

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Effect on aquatic ecosystem 10
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 Objectives of Liquid waste management
1. To prevent contamination of water sources

2. To prevent contamination of soil

3. To prevent accessibility of flies to human wastes

4. To avoid direct handling of fresh excreta

5. To provide privacy/ convenience

6. To eliminate nuisance : Odor & Aesthetical problem

– To isolate totally human excreta from man’s food, water,
& the immediate env’t at large

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 Health importance of human/liquid waste: excreta
• Faeco-oral diseases (filth borne):

• Viral: poliomyelitis, hepatitis, viral diarrhea

• Bacterial: cholera, shigellosis, gastroenteritis, typhoid and

paratyphoid fever

• Protozoan: ameobiasis, giardiasis

• Helminthes: schistosomiasis, taeniasis, ascariasis, trichuriasis,

hookworm ;

• About 50 different diseases are attributed to lack of sanitation

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 Transmission mechanisms:
• Viral,

• Bacterial and

• Protazoal infections

 Cause disease if directly ingested;

• Some helminthes parasites need favorable environment to an

infective agent before ingestion:

– Hookworm,

– Ascariasis,

– Biliharizziasis, and

– Taeniasis
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 Transmission mechanisms:
• Those that need soil for their ova development are Geo-helminthic
or soil based:

– eg. Ascariasis, Hookworm;

• Those that require animal are:-

– Bio-helmentics (Taeniasis)

• Human waste: an organic substance used as a source of food for:

– Mosquitoes (culex),

– Cockroaches, and

• Flies that transmits respective diseases (excreta based insect vector

diseases)
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 Sanitation Technologies
• Choice of a specific technology depends on local conditions,
such as:-

1. Acceptability

2. Operation & maintenance

3. Cost and affordability

4. Water availability

5. Ground conditions

6. Risk of ground water contamination

7. Population density
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8. Potential for future upgrading
 Sanitation Technologies requirements
1. No contamination of surface soil

2. No contamination of ground water

3. No contamination of surface water

4. Excreta should not be accessible to flies/animals

5. There should be no handling of fresh excreta

6. There should be freedom of odors/unsightly

7. Simple & inexpensive in construction/operation

8. Should serve at least 4-5 years

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 Group of sanitation technologies
• According to the technology involved & function

A. Water carriage

– Drop-and-store systems/ Non-water carriage system

B. Non-water carriage

– Drop-flush-and-discharge systems

– Individual containment & treatment systems

– Community treatment systems

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 Group of sanitation technologies
1. Drop-and-Store Systems/ technology
– A system which normally does not use water for
carrying away or transporting human wastes
1. Pit latrine/pit privy
2. VIP latrine
3. chemical toilet
4. Compost latrine
5. Aqua Privy
6. Bucket latrine
7. Trench latrine
8. Overhung latrine
9. Borehole latrine
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 To Construct Non water carriage excreta
disposal systems

• Construction materials: availability of wood, cement,

nails, stones, gravel, sand, etc.
• Technology feasibility and sustainability:
• Simplicity, acceptability, affordability, community
concern for participation in planning, construction,
financing, maintenance, and use;
• Final disposal options: burial, vacuum truck, seepage
 To Construct Non water carriage excreta
disposal systems
• General considerations must be taken:

– Proper sitting: in relation to housing unit, kitchen, source of

water, direction of wind, insulation, available site and etc;

– Size of the under ground structure: depends on users number

and minimum service years;

• User types: Who use the facility

– Household,

– Community,

– Camps, etc. that will determine the latrine technology

 Types of disposal system
1. Simple dry pit latrine
– Shape: round, square, or rectangular

– Location: away from kitchen; care of under ground water

contamination;

– The area: well drained, care of flooding

• Designee:

– About 60 liters per year per person in a soil with good moisture
percolation capacity;

– The first one meter from the surface of the wall lining needs to
water tight for the control of over flowing

– Volume reduction through soil infiltration and decomposition;

 Simple dry pit latrine…
Structural parts:
– The under ground (the pit and liming);
– The slab (floor) with squatting hole,
– Foot rest,
– The base (foundation) with a mound;
– The pit with under ground base, and
– The superstructure.
– Squatting hole should not discourage children to use
the latrine
 Simple dry pit latrine…
• Structural parts:
– Average diameter of 18cm and

– Length of 38 is adequate;

– When the pit is nearly full, 0.5m from the top, cover content with
dry soil and prepare a new latrine;

– The bottom of the pit should be at least 3 meters from the ground
table water

– Latrine needs to be located down ward to a water source at 15m

– Pit privy should be located a minimum of 6 meters from a

dwelling

– The life of a pit latrine be preferable a minimum of four years

 Side View of Pit Latrine Slab
Latrine

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• Most common sanitation
system in the world
• Pit Latrine require:-
• A reasonable amount of
open space
• Soil condition that can
be dug easily
• Low ground water level
• Site that is never
flooded
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 Advantage of a Pit Latrine

• Simplicity and local material use.

• Low cost

• Can be built easily

• Use of all type of anal cleansing (stone, corn cob,

leaves, grass) materials may be used

• Minimal water requirement

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 Disadvantage of a Pit Latrine
• Fly and mosquito nuisance
• Waste can not be recycled
• Smell problem, Odor, fly
• Lack of space for relocating new ones when full
• Potential for ground water pollution
• Difficulty of construction in rocky soil
• soil collapse
• A size of dm 1mx3m depth will serve a family of for 5 for
6-7 years.
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2/11/2019 VIP Latrine 29
 Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine
• It is a modification of simple pit latrine
• As a result of the vent technology added VIP improves the
disadvantage of the pit latrine by:-

– Eliminating fly breeding problem

– Reduction of odor and nuisance problems

– Low cost,

– Odor free, flies controlled,

– Safe under structure, Ease to clean,

– Potential for waste recycling (fertilizer).

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Constraints: “non simplicity, and affordability” 30
 Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine
• The VIP technology has different varieties depending on shape,
structure, and depth:

– Single vault, Double vault, and Multiple types

• It is very efficient type for urban both in terms of cost and space
requirements

• Final disposal of contents of non water carriage latrine:

– Burial , waste recycling by composting(onsite or off site),

Incineration , deluding (vacuum truck needed); soak away
pit

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 Water carriage system (waterborne sewage
system)
• Sewerage system

– is a system in which excreta is deposited into a sanitary

appliances and immediately carried away by water through a
network of underground structure (sewer lines) to a final disposal
sites

• Sewage:- consists of human excreta, urine, and Sullage.

• Sullage:- is a waste liquid with out excreta and urine.

• Sewer consists of the net work related to WC, WB, underground

pipes, man holes, and treatment plant
 A chemical toilet is a
toilet using chemicals to
deodorized the waste
instead of simply storing
it in a hole, or piping it
away to a sewage
treatment plant
 Commonly found on
airplanes, trains,etc
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 2. Drop-Flush-and-Discharge Systems
Water carriage

– Excreta is deposited directly into properly constructed sanitary

fittings, & is then carried away by water through a closed
piping system (drainage) to the final disposal site

1. Pour-flush latrine

2. Individual containment & treatment systems

1. Cesspools

2. Septic tanks

3. Soak pits

4. Seepage pits
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Individual containment & treatment systems con’t
1. Cesspools

1. Large diameter hole dug in the ground to receive waste matter

from kitchen/toilets

2. Liquid part leached into the soil formation

3. Solid part retained & digested an aerobically in the tank

2. Septic tank

1. Sedimentation tank of masonry (cement plastered from inside),

or concrete

2. Contain & treat all the sewage generated in the household

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2/11/2019 37
 Individual containment …
3. Soak pits

1. A hole dug in the ground filled with stones, broken bricks etc

2. Lined with bricks

3. Receive any grey water or liquid effluent from septic tanks,

kitchen or lavatory

4. Absorb the waste received into the underground system

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 Individual containment …
4. Seepage pits
– Seepage pit is not filled
with rocks or bricks
rather it is lined with
open joints

– Liquid is assumed to
infiltrate through the soil

– Water pass outside of the

pit through the open
joints

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• Objectives of sewage treatment:

– Reduce the concentration of impurities (suspended, dissolved

toxic chemicals)

– Reduce or eliminate pathogens

– Environmental conservation/protection through waste recycling

and minimization

Types of treatment schemes: two types of waste treatment:

1. Small scale:-

• Is a low cost type used at individual and community level

1. Municipal sewage system

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2. Municipal sewage systems:

– Oxidation pond (sewage stabilization pond),

– Oxidation lagoon, ditches,

– Seepage pits, filter trenches,

– Sand filters,

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 Large scale liquid waste management
• Purpose to remove:

• To reduce/Remove:-

– the organic, inorganic, and bacterial load of the sewage

to an extent it is safe for final discharge or reuse
Requirements (infrastructure base):

• Installation of piped water in liquid waste generating sites

(residential houses, Hospital, etc);

• Installation of sanitary fittings inside houses:

• WC, WB, bath, shower, kitchen sinks, septic tanks,

• The construction of sewage line and treatment.

 Large scale liquid waste management…

Limitations:

• Operational and operating costs,

• Land and water availability,

• Level of operators’ performance,

• Sewage management capacity (blockage and

maintenance, etc);

• Final disposal site conditions.

 Large scale liquid waste management…
What Processes are involved???

• Mechanical separation of solid components;

• Aeration/oxygenation for aerobic bacteria;

• Organic matter decomposition;

• Sludge processing and drying;

• Neutralization;

• Destruction of pathogen (usually chlorination

The above process can be classified into:

– Physical, biological, and chemical process that makes the
waste safe for final disposal
 Large scale liquid waste management…

Steps in sewage treatment plant:

• Impurities removal by mechanical means: large

solid materials, floating materials;

• Preliminary treatment: removes large sewage

particles through various subsystem: bar screens:
 Group of sanitation technologies
4. Community treatment systems

1. Conventional treatment

2. Waste Stabilization Ponds

1. Conventional treatment of sewage :- 3 stages:-

a. Primary waste treatment

b. Secondary/Biological waste treatment

c. Tertiary waste treatment/Final

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 Group of sanitation technologies
4. Community treatment systems

1. Conventional treatment of sewage :- 3 stages:-

a. Primary treatment of sewage

 Screening

 Grit settling or removal

 Plain sedimentation

 Coagulation

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 Sedimentation 48
 b. Secondary or biological treatment:
• Its purpose is further reduction of organic matter
predominately by aerobic decomposition.

– There are three types of decomposition, namely:

– aerobic,

– anaerobic, and

– facultative bacteria.

– With secondary treatment BOD is reduced by 90%.

4. Community Treatment Systems con’t

b. Secondary treatment of sewage

 Dilution

 Land irrigation

 Trickling filter

 Activated sludge treatment

 Chlorination

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3. Oxidation ponds (waste stabilization):
• These are man made ponds used for the oxidation of
sewage.
• The bacteria (aerobic or non aerobic) breaks organic
matter into simpler forms of organic that could be taken
by algae for photosynthesis.
• The algae and natural aeration supplies oxygen for
bacteria.
• Oxidation ponds can be used singly or in series.
 3. Oxidation ponds (waste stabilization):…

There are three types of oxidation ponds:

– Anaerobic (a depth about 2m)

– Facultative (a depth about 1.0-1.5m)

– Aerobic, also called maturation, ponds (a depth of less

than one meter) that function based on the above
principle.
 2. Waste stabilization ponds
• Wastes are treated/stabilized by several natural processes acting
at the same time:-
– Heavier solids settle to the bottom where bacteria decompose
them
– Lighter suspended solids/bacteria in suspension break down
– Disposed of by evaporation from the pond
– Use natural sun energy, wind velocity, symbiotic action of
bacteria, photosynthesis etc.
– Natural phenomena in the pond system that is exposed to the
ambient environment

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 Tertiary or final treatment:
• The sewage from the secondary settling tank is chlorinated for
final disposal

• The final disposal can be water bodies or land treatment

(irrigation)

• Sludge digestion: the sludge from the primary and the

secondary settling tank is digested in a metal tank called a
sludge digester

• The process products: methane gas and other gases can be

reused for fuel
Final treatment sludge disposal:

• The health or environmental authorities need to permit

for the discharge:

Discharge into watercourses:

• Check the surface water use;

• The purpose of the receiving water body,

• Weather it has recreational or drinking purpose

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Treated sewage recycling:

• It is the most accepted environmental conservation

method;

• The water can be reused in factories say for cooling;

• In agriculture for land farming.

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The quality of sewage for disposal:- three parameters to be
evaluated:

I) Organoleptic (physical): color, odor, temperature, no floating

materials like films of solvents (naphtha) be colorless and not
offensive

II) Chemical indicators:

– PH, concentration of toxic chemicals is within the accepted

range.

– Level of BOD and COD; (BOD5 <30ppm); COD=90ppm);

III) bacteria dose within acceptable range.

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Examples of Addis Ababa Municipal Sewage
Treatment
The process flow:
• Sanitary appliance manholes sewage
pipes bar screen grit chamber
oxidation ponds (anaerobic, facultative,
aerobic) disposal by subsurface irrigation (field
irrigation for vegetable harvesting).

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 Treated sewage final disposal
Prerequisites:

– Need of treatment,

– Need of legal permit,

– Should meet emission standards.

Effluent quality control:

– Physical: color, odor, suspended matter, oil/grease, etc;

– Chemical: BOD, COD, DO, TDS, heavy metals, etc.;

radioactive and bacterial load: pathogens, coliforms;

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 Final disposal three options:
1. Discharge into water bodies: sea, river, ocean:

– Limitation

• On purpose of water (drinking, recreational), and

• Distance between the point of discharge and water

intake/use should allow for self purification/degradation

2. Discharge on land:

– Surface irrigation (can be used for animal feed growth and

vegetable harvesting), subsurface irrigation; seepage pits, and
oxidation ponds;

3. Water conservation: Recycling for factory and agriculture use

Thank U!