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Latch • Register
stores data when stores data when
clock is low clock rises
D Q D Q
Clk Clk
Clk Clk
D D
Q Q
Latches
Positive Latch Negative Latch
In D Q Out In D Q Out
G G
CLK CLK
clk clk
In In
Out Out
N P
Logic
Latch Latch
Logic
Timing Definitions
CLK
t Register
tsu t hold D Q
D DATA CLK
STABLE t
tc 2 q
Q DATA
STABLE t
Positive Feedback: Bi-Stability
Vi1 Vo1 = Vi2 Vo 2
V o1 Vi2
Vo 2 = Vi1
Vi1 V o2
A
Vi 2 = V o1
B
Vi 1 = V o2
Meta-Stability
A A
Vi2 5 Vo1
Vi2 5 Vo1
C C
B B
Vi1 5 Vo2 Vi1 5 Vo2
d d
Gain should be larger than 1 in the transition region
Writing into a Static Latch
Use the clock as a decoupling signal,
that distinguishes between the transparent and opaque states
CLK
CLK
Q D D
CLK
CLK
D
CLK
Forcing the state
Converting into a MUX (can implement as NMOS-only)
Mux-Based Latches
Negative latch
Positive latch
(transparent when CLK= 0)
(transparent when CLK= 1)
Q 0 Q
1
D 0 D 1
CLK CLK
CLK
CLK
CLK
Mux-Based Latch
CLK
QM
CLK
QM
CLK
CLK
0 Q D
1 QM
1
QM
D 0 Q
CLK
CLK
I2 T2 I3 I5 T4 I6 Q
QM
D I1 T1 I4 T3
CLK
Clk-Q Delay
2.5
CLK
1.5
Volts
D
tc 2 q(lh) tc 2 q(hl)
Q
0.5
2 0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
time, nsec
Setup Time
3.0 3.0
Q
2.5 2.5
2.0 QM 2.0 I2 2 T 2
1.5 1.5 Q
CLK CLK
Volts
Volts
D D
1.0 1.0
I2 2 T 2 QM
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
2 0.5 2 0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
time (nsec) time (nsec)
(a) T setup 5 0.21 nsec (b) T setup 5 0.20 nsec
Reduced Clock Load
Master-Slave Register
CLK CLK
D T1 I1 T2 I3 Q
I2 I4
CLK CLK
Avoiding Clock Overlap
CLK X CLK
Q
A
D
B
CLK CLK
(a) Schematic diagram
CLK
CLK
(b) Overlapping clock pairs
Other Latches/Registers: C MOS 2
VDD VDD
M2 M6
CLK M4 CLK M8
X
D Q
CL1 CL2
CLK M3 CLK M7
M1 M5
Master Stage
M2 M6 M2 M6
0 M4 0 M8
X X
D Q D Q
1 M3 1 M7
M1 M5 M1 M5
Out
In1 In2
PUN
Q Q
In1
PDN
CLK Q
M3 M6 M9
Y
Q
D CLK X CLK
M2 M5 M8
CLK
M1 M4 M7
Pulse-Triggered Latches
An Alternative Approach
Ways to design an edge-triggered sequential cell:
CLK P1 P3
x Q
M6
M3
D P2 M5
M2
M4
M1