BASIC REGULATOR: -

There are three essential elements for a regulator.

1. To measure / sense the desired level of control pressure

2. If the desired pressure deviates due to changing conditions,
there must be a device to change the flow of material in the
system to suit the system conditions, usually this element is
a variable restriction or a valve.
3. There must be some means of positioning the valve in
response to the deviation detected by the sensing element.
 Three basic regulator control
actions normally encountered
are: on-off, proportional action,
proportional reset.
In this figure at 50%
level, the valve is half open
and the pressure in the gauge
is 50, pressure is 100 psig at
open and ‘0’ at close. This system operates between 0 and 100 for full
open and close position. This is unacceptable regulation having 100%
proportional band. If the operator is told to open / close the valve by one
no. for each 1/10 line change on the gauge. In this case gauge would
vary between 45 & 55 for full open to close. The final action to
considered is proportional plus reset. The operator is instructed to open
the valve one mark for a decrease of one mark on the gauge and then
open slightly more until the gauge reads its original OK, regardless of
the valve position. The initial valve changes are proportional, therefore,
the valve is repositioned to bring the sensing element back to the
desired level. Thus valve is reset to maintain the desired pressure level.