CENTER FOR CRIMINOLOGY PRACTITIONERS (CCP), INC.

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Reviewer in Police Patrol,

Plans and Operation
• The word Patrol was derive from a French word Patrouller/Patroullier, which
means to “to walk through mud in a military camp”.
• Patrol (Hale) – is the essence of police function.
• Patrol Division (Payton) – is the backbone of a police department.
• Patrol – in a simpler term refers to the regular tour made by a guard in a
place in order to protect it or to maintain order. It could also mean a person
or a group (such as police or military unit) sent to carry out a tour of duty
in a certain place with a particular mission either for reconnaissance
purposes or simply to provide protection.
• Praetorian Guard (Ancient Rome) – is composed of Roman soldiers or
centurions carefully selected by the commander of the city under the
authority of emperor Ceasar.
• The ancient Babylonian around 2000BC shows an evidence that they had
apply patrolling in those days when a tablet containing a report that they
had arrested a person for a crime committed. In the Old and New
Testament they had found references to “watchmen” whose duty was to
protect the city and arrest offenders.
• The hieroglyphics of the ancient Egyptians indicates that they had police
officers. They had special flag with its distinctive emblem, a gazelle with a
large ostrich feather attached to its neck. There was a constant for some
type of protective police patrol because of the great treasures hidden in the
many tombs. It was in this regard that the “Egyptians” became the first
people to use police dogs on patrol. They also invented the lock. The police
were civilians called “medjay: and headed by an Egyptian military officer.
• The word Patrol was derive from a French word Patrouller/Patroullier, which
means to “to walk through mud in a military camp”.
• Patrol (Hale) – is the essence of police function.
• Patrol Division (Payton) – is the backbone of a police department.
• Patrol – in a simpler term refers to the regular tour made by a guard in a
place in order to protect it or to maintain order. It could also mean a person
or a group (such as police or military unit) sent to carry out a tour of duty
in a certain place with a particular mission either for reconnaissance
purposes or simply to provide protection.
• Praetorian Guard (Ancient Rome) – is composed of Roman soldiers or
centurions carefully selected by the commander of the city under the
authority of emperor Ceasar.
• The ancient Babylonian around 2000BC shows an evidence that they had
apply patrolling in those days when a tablet containing a report that they
had arrested a person for a crime committed. In the Old and New
Testament they had found references to “watchmen” whose duty was to
protect the city and arrest offenders.
• The hieroglyphics of the ancient Egyptians indicates that they had police
officers. They had special flag with its distinctive emblem, a gazelle with a
large ostrich feather attached to its neck. There was a constant for some
type of protective police patrol because of the great treasures hidden in the
many tombs. It was in this regard that the “Egyptians” became the first
people to use police dogs on patrol. They also invented the lock. The police
were civilians called “medjay: and headed by an Egyptian military officer.
• Watchman (England) – they employ able-bodied man to serve so
much time patrolling the town at night.
• Bow Street Runners – 1748, Henry fielding became the chief
magistrate at Bow Street in Middlesex, London.
• The task of this was to run errands for the bow street Court. Later
He formed the Bow Street Horse Patrol whose duty was to patrol
the main roads thus secure the travelers from highwaymen or
highway bandits. It was the first organized foot patrol and the Bow
Street Horse Patrol was the first mounted police on patrol.
• 1939 – the Manila Police Department introduced the bicycle patrol
• Dec. 8, 1941 – Col. Torres declared manila as an open city.
• Mar. 17, 1954 – Automobile Patrol was introduced in manila. Isaias
Alma Jose, the first chief of mobile patrol of MPD.
• Patrol as the Backbone of the Police Organization:
• The proof of this is that the patrol force is the only division in
the police organization that cannot be eliminated. The patrol force
alone can performed all the primary police tasks aside from
patrolling, like, traffic, investigation, juvenile and other specialized
areas. In the municipal police offices they organized their offices as
a patrol force only.
Importance of Police patrol:
1. Obviously, the patrol force is indispensable unit in every
police organization. The following are the specific points
that justify the importance of patrol;
2. Patrol is the essence of police operation.
3. Patrol group is the single largest unit in the police
organization.
4. Actions taken by the patrol officer have the most direct
impact on the citizen’s satisfaction and on the
accomplishment of police objectives.
5. Patrol operation is the most visible form of activity that
enhances the welfare and security of the community.
Patrol – means to move back and forth in a given
geographical area for the purpose of observation and
maintaining security.

– The only form of police service that directly attempt

to eliminate the desire and or opportunity to commit
misconduct on the part of an individual.
– It is the backbone of the police organization
– It is the biggest element of the police organization
– It is the primary line service of the police organization
since it is the only division, which performs major
police task.
• Patrol – is the deployment of police officer in a given community to
determine criminal activities.
• Line Service – refers to police task performance
•
• 3 Major Police Task
• Crime Prevention
• Criminal investigation
• Traffic investigation

Average percentile distribution of sworn/protective police

personnel in a small police department.
• Administrative functions -------------------------------- 6%
• Patrol------------------------------------------------------- 58%
• Criminal Investigation----------------------------------- 13%
• Traffic------------------------------------------------------ 10%
• Juvenile----------------------------------------------------- 3%
• Auxiliary functions--------------------------------------- 8%
• Other functions-------------------------------------------- 2%
• Total ---------- 100%
• Patrol Force – refers to the group of police
officers or the entire unit assigned for patrol
purposes.
• Beat – a geographical area to which an officer is
assigned for patrol purposes.
• 1:500 – is the common ratio of the patrol
personnel distribution to the population of the
community.
• Discretion – is the wise use of one’s judgment,
personnel experience and common sense to
decide a particular situation.
• Crime Prevention – reduction or elimination of
the desire or opportunity of an individual to
commit crimes.
 ORGANIZATION

• Organization – is the arrangement and utilization of the total

resources of personnel and materials is such a way as to make
easier and to expedite the attainment of specific objectives.
• - in police planning, the setting up of specifics steps in doing or
accomplishing things.
• Consists of arranging personnel and function in a systematic manner
designed to accommodate stated goals and objective in the most
efficient manner possible.
• A poorly organized police department cannot function effectively
even with the best management. Similarly, a well-organized police
agency will not operate with maximum efficiency if it is not well
managed.
• Correct Organization – putting or placing personnel’s in a right
position, which fitted to their qualifications.
• Effective Organization – means the personnel’s used their ability,
skills and knowledge in the performance of their duty for the
fulfillment of their goals and objectives.
• The organization and operation of the patrol force is said to be
a semblance of the pattern of organization of a police department
because patrol is the police. Due to the nature of the work they
perform, they adhere very closely to rigid chain of command,
specific assignment of duties and responsibilities and functional job
description that distinguishes between line and staff authority.
• The objectives of the patrol are the same as those of the police
or organization. The uniformed patrol officer represents all the
powers and responsibilities of the police. In a very real sense, the
uniformed patrol force is the police while the specialized branches
represent in depth applications of responsibilities and techniques,
which the patrol officer initiates.
• The organization and operation of the patrol force is said to be a
semblance of the police organization or patrol is the police because
patrol force in a very real sense represents in microcosm the police
organization.
• The uniform police officer represents all the powers and
responsibilities of the police. The specialized branches serve as
aides and takes over what the patrol initiates such as:
1. The patrol officer conducts an initial investigation of a crime in his beat
(the detectives/criminal investigator takes over to complete the
investigation)
1. High patrol Visibility
The theory underlying the high patrol visibility concept is that increasing
the “area of omnipresence” in the community can reduce certain types of
crimes. The walking beats or foot patrolmen in congested areas
effectively accomplish this. The theory of police omnipresence is
applied, and it applies the principle of overt operation.
2. Low Patrol Visibility
Low patrol visibility is strategy wherein members of the force in plain
clothes, patrol areas on foot or in unmarked automobiles where street
crimes become high-risk crimes. The principle of covert operation is
integrated in this theory. It utilizes random motorized unmarked patrol
cars or relies upon less conventional means of conveyance such as
taxicabs, public utility vehicles and government vehicles.
Under the low visibility set-up the primary purpose of patrol is no longer crime
prevention but crime of repression, wherein the objectives are:
• The increased apprehension of criminal engaged on selected street crimes.
• The deterrence of criminal activity as a result of a greater probability of
apprehension.

2. The patrol officer makes the first contact with a youth in trouble (the juvenile
officers follow-up)
3. The patrol officer responds to an automobile accidents: (the traffic specialists
investigate in details if it involves serious injuries)
CRIMES PREVENTION AND CRIME CONTROL

• Crime Prevention – is the reduction or elimination of the desire and/or

opportunity to commit a crime. Desire and opportunity co-exist factors in
the commission of the crime.
• Desire – motivation or intention to commit crime it induces criminal to act.
• Opportunity – chance or physical possibility that the suspect will have to
commit a crime or misconduct.
• In undertaking human behavior for effective police work the patrol
officer assumes the role of a street-level psychologist. He knows that only
people commit crime, he also knows that in order to commit the act desire
and opportunity must co-exist.
• He knows further that there must be a desire in an individual to
commit the crime and likewise the opportunity to do so must be present
must exist. Ultimately he knows that to consummate the act desire and
opportunity must co-exist that either one is missing the act is not
consummated. Hence no crime is committed.
• Case study No. 1 (There is desire no opportunity)
• A pickpocket earns his leaving by picking people’s pocket. He keeps a complete
schedule of dates, events and places where people congregate. The more crowded
the place is the more it is conducive for success of his livelihood. A strong desire in
the act of a pickpocket to perform his act is always patiently, cautiously, he waits for
the opportunity spots and possible unsuspecting victim a man crowd. He follows his
prospect, inching himself closer and closer, his desire to commit the act increasing
every second. Upon reaching at the point of intersection he suddenly stop, he turns
around, abandoning his guest. WHY? At the street corner, there is a policeman in
uniform standing alertly and behavior of passersby. Consequently, the opportunity to
commit the crime was gone.
• 3 thought provoking question that…
• Is the policeman aware of the presence of the pickpocket?
• Is the policeman aware of the desire of the pickpocket?
• Is the pickpocket aware that the policeman knows him?
• Patrol Functions – task and responsibilities performed by the police directly related to
their functions:
• Prevention of crime.
• Suppression of criminal activity
• Apprehension of criminals
• Protection of life, property from criminal attack
• Regulation of non-criminal conduct
• Preservation of peace and order
• Non-essential police functions tasks performed by the police not directly related with their primary
functions.
• Request to intervene in situation between husband and wife
• Between landlord and tenant
• Between businessman and customers
• Conflict among neighbors
• Quieting of loud disco parties
• Disperse unlawful assembly
• Underground water pipe leaking
• Open manhole
• Clogged Drainage
• Uncollected garbage
• Flooded streets
• Street excavation
• Street light outrages
• Patrol Activities
• Patrol and Observation
• Called for Services
• Inspectional Services
• Control of Public Gatherings
• Responding to Emergencies
• Attending to Complaints
• Preservation of Crime Scene
• Criminal Apprehension
• Writing of Reports
• Hazard – is any person, things, situations, or
conditions which if allowed existing may induce
an accident or cause the commission of crime.
• Police Hazard – is any person, things,
situations, or conditions possessing a high
potential for criminal attract or for the
generation creating a demand for police service.
• Arrest – is the taking of a person into custody in
order that he may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense.
 2 Kinds of Arrest
• Citizen’ Arrest
• Arrest by the virtue of Warrant of arrest.
• Elements of Citizens Arrest
– Which in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing
or is attempting to commit an offense?
– When an offense has in fact just been committed and he has personal knowledge of facts
indicating that the person to be arrested has committed it.
– When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal
establishment.
• Investigative Report – report made by the police officers based upon his
investigation conducted.
• Criminal Investigation Report – it is an official permanent record of all
pertinent information developed during an investigation.
• Rough Notes – is the note made by during the actual investigations of a
complaint or of an offense.
• Log Book – book where the police officer enters the daily record of events.
• Types of Investigative Report
1. Initial/Spot Report – a report submitted for each
incident or occurrence within the area of operation or
jurisdiction of the reporting unit.
‾ it serves as the necessary basis for action at higher
level
‾ it is a written narration of facts concerning a case
assigned to an investigation immediately upon
termination of his preliminary phase of investigation.
2. Follow-up/Progress Report – report after spot report
has been submitted
‾ a report which enables other co-investigators to take
the next appropriate and logical step in the
investigation process.
3. Final Report – a report, which established the validity of
a complaint and indicates the general nature and
magnitude of the case.
 Part 11: Methods and Techniques of
Patrolling

General Types of Foot Patrol

1. Foot Patrol – is considered as the traditional and
oldest form of patrolling in the whole world.
‾ it is the most common and the best known form of
patrol over the world.
‾ It is restricted to small areas and is used to deal with
special situations while maintaining radio contact with
officers in patrol cars.
Post – a fixed position or location where an officer is
assigned for guard duty
Beat – the smallest area specifically assigned for
patrol purposes.

Types of Foot Patrol

1. Decoy Patrol – this is composed of well-
trained police officers who have ability in Judo,
Karate and shooting. This group of police is
under the supervision of a team leader who is
responsible to give command. And they
operates in a specific crimes assigned for them
to suppressed.
2. Canine Patrol – the use of police dogs in high
crime areas for routine patrol and hazardous
search operation or situation.
2. Automobile Patrol – this was first introduced
in the Philippines on May 17, 1954 by the Manila
Police Department.

‾- a type of patrol that is using a motor vehicle

in their patrolling. Mostly of automobile they are
using are land cruiser, back to back type, cars
and usually those who are very easy to
manipulate and can load numbers of policemen.
‾ It has the greatest mobility and flexibility.
‾ Hon. Arsenio H. Lacson – first elective mayor of
Manila and is the one who first initiate patrolling
by means of automobile.
‾ Dr. Alma Jose was designated by the mayor to
organize the automobile patrol.
3. Bicycle Patrol – the bicycle patrol was first
introduced in the Philippines in 1939 by Manila
Police Department.

‾ It has a combine of mobility and stealth because the

bicycle can be operated very quietly and without
attracting attention.
‾ Bicycle patrol is considered as the most hazardous,
because it was experienced by the Manila Police to be
stabbed while conducting patrolling, and the other one
was a victim of side-swipped by a bus while having its
routine patrol.
Reactive Patrol – refers to a patrol activity wherein police personnel drives
around a particular area or waits at the station for any call requiring police
assistance.
Proactive Patrol – The police officer is not bent on waiting for something to
happen and respond but instead utilizes some other means to effect crime
prevention.
Patrol effort made by the police may in the form of any or combination of the
following;
1 Beat Patrol
– Foot Patrol
– Bicycle Patrol
11. Sector Patrol (Motorized Patrol)
– Automobile Patrol
– Motorcycle Patrol
– Aircraft Patrol (Helicopter and Fixed wing) – used of aircraft in performing both
routine and specialized patrol activities.
111. Specialized Patrol Methods
– Horse (mounted) Patrol
– Marine (water) Patrol
– Canine (K-9) Assisted Patrol
– Special Terrain Patrol
 111: Plans and Operations
• Organizing – in police planning it is refer to the setting
up of specifics steps in doing things.
• Decision Making – in police planning it refers to the
establishing a definite course of action or guidelines on
what to do, how to do it and when and who are
involved.
• Planning – is deciding in advance what is to be done
and how it is to be accomplished.
• Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) – is procedures
that guide members in routine and field operations and
in some special operations in accordance with some
procedures.
 Types of Plans
1. Policy or Procedural Plan – is a planned which, guide
members in routine office and field operations and in
some special operations in accordance with the
following procedures.
a. Office Procedures – the two principal office procedures, which
need to be outlines and planned, are reporting regulations and
records division operation.
b. Field Procedures – procedures of all situations of all kinds shall
be outlined as a guide to officers in the field.
c. Headquarters procedures – includes the duties of the
dispatcher, jailer, matron, and other personnel concerned.
d. Special Operating procedures – the procedures are used as
guides.
2. Tactical Plans – are the procedures for copying with
specific situations at known locations.
3. Operational Plans – these are plans for the operation
of special division like patrol, detective, traffic, vice
and Juvenile control divisions.
‾ shall be prepared to accomplish each of the primary
police task.
4. Extra – Department Plans – this plan is made to
organize the community to assist in the
accomplishments of police objectives in the field of
traffic control, organized crime, and juvenile
delinquency prevention.
5. Management Plan – These plans map-out in advance
all operations involved in the organization,
management of personnel and material and in the
procurement and disbursement of money.
 Steps in Planning:
a. Frame or Reference – this shall be based on a
careful view of matters relating to the situation for
which plans are being developed, and opinions or
ideas of persons who may speak with authority on
the subject concerned.
b. Clarifying the Problems – this calls for the
identification of the problem, understanding both
it’s record and its possible solution.
c. Execution of Plans – once plans are made, same
shall be put into operation and the result thereof
evaluated accordingly.
 Functional Units

1. Bureau – The largest organic functional unit

within a large department. It comprises of
numbers of divisions.
2. Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau.
3. Section – functional unit within a division that
is necessary for specialization.
4. Unit – functional group within a section; or the
smallest functional group with in an
organization.
 Territorial Units

1. Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for

duty, such as a designated desk or office or an intersection or
crosswalk from traffic duty. It is a spot location for general guard
duty.
2. Route – a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is
also called LINE BEAT.
3. Beat – An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or
motorized.
4. Sector – An area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts.
5. District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes,
usually with its own station.
6. Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each
comprised of designated districts.