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Kant's deontology places special emphasis on duty and morality of actions being based on rules rather than consequences. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is having a good will, which means acting purely from duty and respect for the moral law. Kant's categorical imperative holds that moral actions are those that could become a universal law through human reason alone.
Kant's deontology places special emphasis on duty and morality of actions being based on rules rather than consequences. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is having a good will, which means acting purely from duty and respect for the moral law. Kant's categorical imperative holds that moral actions are those that could become a universal law through human reason alone.
Kant's deontology places special emphasis on duty and morality of actions being based on rules rather than consequences. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is having a good will, which means acting purely from duty and respect for the moral law. Kant's categorical imperative holds that moral actions are those that could become a universal law through human reason alone.
the relationship between duty and morality of human actions.
• An action is considered morally good
because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good. • Deontological Ethics holds that at least some acts are morally obligatory regardless of their consequences for human welfare. “Duty for duty’s sake.” “Virtue is its own reward.” “Let justice be done though the heavens fall. • Deontological ethics is also a normative ethical theory that defines the morality of an action as based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than based on the consequences of the action • Deontological theories have been termed formalistic, because their central principle lies in the conformity of an action to some rule or law. IMMANUEL KANT • B. 22 April 1724, Konigsberg, Prussia • D. 12 February, 1804, Konigsberg • German philosopher • One of the greatest philosophers of all time • A philosophical genius • Kant was the first great philosopher to define deontological principles.
• Kant held that nothing is good without
qualification except a good will, and a good will is one that wills to act in accord with the moral law and out of respect for that law rather than out of natural inclinations. • Kant saw the moral law as a categorical imperative, i.d., an unconditional command – and believed that its content should be established by human reason alone. CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
“Act only on that maxim through which you
can at the same time will That it should become a universal law.” “So act that you treat humanity in your own person and in the person of everyone else always at the same time as an end And never merely as means.” MAIN CONCEPTS • 1. To act in the morally right way, people must act from duty.
• 2. It was not the consequences of actions
that make them right or wrong but the motives of the person who carries out the action. HOW TO ACT IN A MORAL WAY
• One must act purely from duty because
the highest GOOD must be good in itself and good without qualification. • Something is “good in itself” when it is intrinsically good, and “good without qualification”.
• Goods such as intelligence, perseverance
and pleasure are not intrinsically good or good without qualification. What is the only good?
“Nothing in the world – indeed nothing even
beyond the world – can possibly be conceived which could be called good without qualification except a good will.” Good will and Act of willing
• The consequences of an act of willing
cannot be used to determine that the person has a good will – good things may come out from bad intentions and bad things may come out from good intentions. How to have a Good Will?
• A person will have a “good will” when he
“acts out of respect for the moral law.”
• People “act out of respect for the moral
law” when they act in some way because they have a duty to do so. THEREFORE The only thing that is truly good in itself is a GOOD WILL, and a good will is only good when the willer chooses to do something because it is that person’s duty, i.e. “out of respect” for the law.
RESPECT is “the concept of a worth which
thwarts my self-love.” TRIAD OF CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES 1. Act only on that maxim by which you can also will that it would become a universal law.
2. Act in such a way that you always treat
humanity, whether in hour own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end. • 3. Every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating member in a universal kingdom of ends. end QUIZ 1. Explain Kant’s Deontological Ethics? (10 points)