Supporting Aids for

Teaching and
Communication
By
MUJEEB RAHIMAN KATTALI
Asst.Prof.In General Education
College of Education Lakshadweep,
Kavaratti Island,U T of Lakshadweep.
 Concept of Teaching aids and
their Scope
 Audio-visual aids, audio-visual material, audio-
visual media, communication technology,
educational or instructional media and learning
resources are comes in the heads of teaching aids.
 These aids can be help for effective utilisation of
teaching learning process.
 Simply teaching aids is all such materials,
instruments and resources that help a teacher in a
good communication, healthy classroom
interaction and effective realisation of his teaching
objectives in the field of teaching learning.
 The history of the use of audio-visual aids, a Dutch
humanist, theologian and writer Desiderious
Erasmus(1466-1536) discouraged memorisation as a
technique of learning and advocated that children should
learn through the aid of pictures or other visuals.
 There is an old saying:
What I hear I forget
What I see I remember
What I do I understand
 Research done by Cobun (1968)indicated that, generally
we learn:
1% through Taste 1.5% through Touch
3.5% through Smell 11% through Hearing
83% through Sight
WE REMEMBER:

20% of what we Hear

30% of what we See
50% of what we See& Hear
80% of what we Say
90% of what we Say & Do
EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF A.V AIDS

1. Use of maximum senses

2. Based on maxims of teaching
3. Helpful in the process of attention
4. A good motivating force
5. Reduce verbalism
6. A good substitute for direct experiences
7. Provide adequate impression or images
 8. Clarity of the subject matter
9. Save time and energy
10. Meet the individual differences requirements
11. Encouraging healthy classroom interaction
12. Solve the problem of indiscipline
13. Help in meeting inadequacies or shortage of
resources
14. Help in the development of scientific attitude
15. Help in the development of higher faculties
16. Provide reinforcement to the learner
17. Help in positive transfer to the learning and
training
LEARNING EXPERIENCES
 The use of audio-visual aids is meant for providing effective
experiences->Learning experiences can be at 3 levels,
namely, Direct, Vicarious and Symbolic.
 An experience can be obtained through direct sensory
contact with real objects i.e. Direct experiences e.g. doing an
experiment, visiting a factory, etc.
 But in the case of Vicarious experiences, whenever direct
experience is either impossible or undesirable due to
hazards we represent the real situation in the form of
models, pictures, charts, films, etc.
 In the case of Symbolic experience are offered through
verbal symbols-oral or written.


SYMBOLIC

VICARIOUS

DIRECT
EDGAR DALE’S CONE OF EXPERIENCE

 Edgar Dale has classified and arranged audio-visual

experiences in the form of a Pinnacle which he called
the ‘Cone of Experience’.
 The cone of experience is a visual aid that explains the
inter-relationship of the various types of experiences
provided by the different audio-visual aids as well as
their hierarchical placement in the learning process.
Dale considered the most effective at the bottom and
least effective at the top of the cone.
Diagrammatic representation
of Dale’s Cone of Experience
 Classification of Teaching aids

Teaching aids can be classified in to:-

 CLASSIFICATION OF A.V AIDS
PROJECTED NON-PROJECTED AIDS ACTIVITY
AIDS Graphic Aids Display 3-D Aids Audio Aids AIDS
Boards

1.Films and 1.Graphs 1.Black Board 1.Models 1.Radio 1.Field trips and
Film Projector 2. Diagrams 2. Roll-up chalk 2. Objects 2. Tape Excursions
2.Film strips Board 2. Exhibition
3. Posters 3. Specimen Recorder
and Filmstrip 3. Peg Board 3.Demonstration
4. Maps 4. Moke –ups 3. Public
Projector 4. Hook &loop 4.Dramatisation
3.Slides and 5. Cartoons 5. Diorama Address 5.Museum
Board
Slide Projector 6. Comics 5. Flannel 6. Puppets System 6. Planetarium
4.Episcope and 7. Flash Cards Board 7. Globe 7. Aquarium
Epidiascope 8. Pictures 6. Magnetic 8.Terrarium
5.Over head and Board 9. Vivarium
Projector Photographs 7. Plastigraph 10. Teaching
6. Television board machine
9. Charts
7.LCD Projector 8. Bulletin 11.Programmed
10. Time line
Board Learning
9. Marker 12.CAI
Board
 IMAGES
P OF DIFFERENT AIDS
ROLL-UP
MAGNETIC
O PROJECTOR
FILM
EPIDIASCOPE
LCD
SLIDES&SLIDE
FIELD TRIPS CHALK
STRIPS
RADIO
PROJECTOR
&EXCURSION
BULLETTIN AQUARIUM
BOARD
&FILMBOARD
STRIP
EXHIBITION
OHP C
PROJECTOR
SPECIMEN
TIME
BOARD
FLASH LINE
DIORAMACARD
MAP
S CAI
DRAMATISATION
HOOK&LOOP
C BOARD
VIVARIUM
PUBLIC ADDRESS DEMONSTRATION
SYSTEM
CARTOON
H P T
GRAPH
T
DIAGRAM
O MUSEUM
PUPPETSA E E
PICTURE&PHOTOGRAPH
E PLANETARIUM
TAPE RECORDER M R G R
R I T B R
C O A
S A R
R I
D U
M
 PROJECTED AIDS
OVER HEAD PROJECTOR (OHP)
It projects the image behind and over the head of the teacher.
In overhead projection a transparent visual is placed on a
horizontal platform at the top of the light source.
The written matter or the content will then get projected on the
screen.
MERITS
1. It can operate easily in an illuminated room. Therefore there is
no need of darkening the room.
2. In this projector , the image is projected over the shoulder of the
teacher, therefore, he may face the class at all time.
3. There is no difficulty in changing the transparent sheet because
the OHP sheets are placed on the top of the glass platform.
 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
(LCD)
 LCD is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video
display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals.
 This is the most advanced and sophisticated projecting aid.
 It is used to present a topic in the classroom or in front of a large
audience.
MERITS
1. Helpful in illustrating and providing visual experiences in
teaching any subjects.
2. Help to view for a large number of audience by magnifying the
image.
3. Make the class environment more lively.
4. Helpful in reviewing, there by helps the learner to recollect the
subject.
 DIGITAL LIGHT PROCESSING (DLP)
DLP is a display device based on micro- electro-mechanical
technology that uses a digital micro mirror device.
It was originally developed in 1987 by Dr.Larry Hombeck
of Texas instrument.
MERITS
1. Best motivators 6. To give freedom to student.
2. Fundamental to verbal instructions. 7.Opportunities to handle and
3. Provide clear images. manipulate.
4. Provide vicarious experience
5. Using variety of tool
ADVANTAGES OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
1. Help to learn more and remember for long.
2. Give reality and vividness to learning
situations.
3. Motivate the learner.
4. Give clarity to learning.
5. Make the abstract to concrete.
6. Reduce verbalism.
7. Provide variety in methods of teaching and
learning.
8. Make learning interesting ,meaningful
and permanent.
9. Develop deeper understanding.
10.Arouse curiosity and stimulate self
activity.
 USES OF ACTIVITY AIDS
Stewardship
Reaches adults through children
Develops skills in interpreters
Learning with peers
Emphasizes the unique nature of the site
Makes the learner an instrumental part of the
community
Active learning
Reinforces classroom material
Provide a special experiences
 MERITS OF ACTIVITY AIDS
Teacher gets the help in guiding and directing in
desired direction.
Students can get information of complex or dangerous
activities through the various aids.
This aids plays an important role in getting the student’s
involvement in learning process.
Most of the activity aids provide direct experiences
to the learner.
This aids can promote relevant and useful discussion in
the class.
Through this aids various scientific facts and concepts
can be best illustrated in front of large number of students.
 It helps in involving various senses to
make learning permanent.