SB3c

SB3c: Examine the evolutionary basis

of the modern classification system.
SB3c: Examine the evolutionary basis
of the modern classification system.
• Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a
species or group of species
• Evidence:
• Fossil record (traces the changes in the
species)
• Morphological homologies (physical
similarities)
• Molecular homologies (the most accurate)
SB3c: Examine the evolutionary basis
of the modern classification system.
• Convergent evolution: species from different
evolutionary branches may come to resemble
one another if they live in similar
environments (ex. Dolphins and sharks)
• These similarities due to convergent evolution
are called analogous structures--different
structures; same function. (Ex. Bird and
butterfly wings.)
• These traits evolve independently.
SB3c: Examine the evolutionary basis
of the modern classification system.
• Systematics: a discipline of biology that
focuses on classifying organisms and
determining their evolutionary relationships
• Linnaeus: introduced naming and classifying
species (taxonomy)
• Gave each organism two names (binomial
nomenclature.)
• This was the organism’s scientific name:
Genus species. (Note how this is written.)
 The Hierarchy of Categories:
• Domain (3) (most inclusive)
• Kingdom (6)
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species (least inclusive)
• *Dumb kings play chess on flat green stools.
 How closely related are they?
Tyto alba Quercus alba
SB3c: Examine the evolutionary basis
of the modern classification system.
• Shared characteristics are used to construct
phylogenetic trees (which show evolutionary
relationships.)
• Parsimony (Ockham’s Razor): all things being
equal, the simplest explanation is the best
• This is how scientists construct phylogenetic
trees.
• Cladogram: a type of phylogenetic tree