BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION

TOPIC
DOORS AND WINDOWS
 BASIC TERMINOLOGY
2) SHUTTERS- These are the open able parts of a door or a window. It is an
assembly of stile, panels and rails.
3) FRAME- It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical members, forming an
enclosure to which shutters are fixed.
3) HEADS- This is the top or uppermost horizontal part of frame.

4) SILL- This is the lower most or bottom horizontal part of a window frame. Sills
are normally not provided in door frames.
5) HORN- These are the horizontal projections of the heads and sill of a frame to
facilitate the fixing of the frame on the wall opening. The length of the horn is
kept about 10-15 cm.
6) STILE- It is the vertical outside member of the shutter of a door or window.

7) TOP RAIL- This is the top most horizontal member of a shutter.

8) LOCK RAIL –This is the middle horizontal member of a door shutter to which
locking arrangement is fixed.
9) BOTTOM RAIL- This is the lower most horizontal member of a shutter.

10) PANEL- This is the area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails.

11) HOLD FAST- These are mild steel flaps generally bent into z-shape to fix or hold
the frame to the opening. Horizontal length of hold fast is kept about 20 cm.
12) JAMB- This is the vertical wall face of an opening which supports the frame.

13) REBATE- It is depression or recess made inside the door frame to receive the
door shutter.
 TYPES OF timber

Aini or Aangili
-Yellowish brown
- Density : 595 kg\m cube
-Found in Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala
- elastic, strong, takes polish
-can be used under water
- used in paving and furniture
Arjun
-dark brown
- Density : 870kg\m cube
-found in central India
-Used for heavy and strong beams
-rafters and posts
Babul
-whitish red
-Density : 835kg\m cube
-Found in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Bengal, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh
-Strong, hard, tough
-takes good polish
-used in wheels of bullock cart, tools, handles
Bamboo
-Found Throughout India
- woody grass
-flexible, strong, durable
Coconut
- reddish brown
-Found throughout costal India
-takes polish
-used in poles, piles, furniture and as frame work,
Deodar
-yellowish brown
-Density : 560kg\m cube
-Found in Himalaya, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh
-provide softwood
-used in making cheap furniture, railway carriages.
Mahogany
-reddish brown
-Density : 720 kg\m cube
-good polish
-easily worked, durable under water
Oak
-yellowish brown
-Density : 865 kg \m cube
-strong, durable
-sporting goods
Sal
-brown
-Density : 1050kg\m cube
-Found in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa
-hard, does not take good polish
-Durable, under grouting
Teak
-deep yellow to dark brown
-Found in central India, southern India
-Hard, durable, fire resistance
 

COMPARISON OF SOFT WOOD AND HARD WOOD

Hardwood
- Comes from angiosperm, trees that are not monocots has vessel elements that transport water throughout the wood.
-Used in furniture, decks and flooring.
-Higher density than softwood
-More expensive than softwood
-Slower growth rates
-Shed leaves in autumn and winter
-More fire resistant
  HARDWOOD EXAMPLES
Alder, ash, green ash
 SOFTWOOD
- comes from gymnosperm trees which have needles and cones.
-No visible pores
-80 percent of timber comes from soft wood
-Lower density than hardwood
-Less expensive than hardwood
-Faster rate of growth
-Keep needles throughout the year
-Poor fire resistant
EXAMPLES OF SOFTWOOD
Cedar, fir, hoop pine,
MOLDING

Also known as coving

Strip of materials with various profiles
Used to cover transition between surfaces or for decoration
Made of solid wood
 
BEADING
It is typically a rounded shape cut into a square edge to soften the edge and provide some protection against splitting.
It can be simple round shapes or more complex pattern. It is a decorative treatment applied to various elements of
wood.
HOLD FAST
Accessory used on wood working
Used to fix work piece to top or side of a bench while it is been worked
 

 
HINGE
It is a type of bearing that connects two solid objects, typically allowing only a limited angle of
rotation between them.
FRAME OR PANEL

Called rail and stile

Is a wood working technique for making doors
Vertical member is known as stile horizontal are known as rails
Basic frame And panel item consist of top rail bottom rail, two stiles anda panel
DOOR HANDLES, BOLTS AND LOCKS

It is attached mechanism used to open or close a door

 CARPENTARY TOOLS

Axes

Saws

Plumb bob
WOOD SEASONING
Also known as wood drying
It reduces the moisture content of wood before it is used
REASONS OF WOOD SEASONING
Wood working
When wood is used as a construction material it will absorb or desorbs
moisture until it is in equilibrium with surroundings. Seasoning causes
unequal shrinkage in the wood
Wood burning
When wood is burned it is usually best to dry it first.
Moisture Affects burning process.
For some purposes wood is not dried at all and is used green.
Wood must be in equilibrium with the air outside as for construction
wood.
Wood is air dried or kill dried,
The wood is sawed before drying but not always.
The core of the wood is still at a higher moisture content. This core will
then began to dry and sink, this leads to reversed stresses,
compression stresses and tension stresses, this results in unrelieved
stress called case hardening.
CASE STUDY
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