The Laws

of Motion
Hello!
I am Randolf N. Cruz

2
Galileo was successful in providing an
experimental and theoretical background on
how to describe motion.
However, it was Newton who answered and
explained why objects move and why they
accelerate.
Newton was able to formulate the answers to
the aforementioned questions through three
simple statements we now know as Newton’s
Laws of Motion. 3
Objective
Define force.

4
Objective
Enumerate the
types of forces.

5
Objective
Explain how balanced
and unbalanced force
are related to motion.

6
Objective State Newton’s first law
of motion and define
inertia.

7
Objective
Explain the inertial
frame of reference.

8
Objective
Explain how mass
differs from weight.

9
 State Newton’s second
Objective law of motion and
explain how force and
mass are related to
acceleration.

10
Objective Solve problems
involving force and
laws of motion.

11
 FORCES
1. Are there forces acting on the hanging pen below?
If yes, draw the forces. You may use arrows to
represent these forces.

Activity
2. Are there forces acting on the book? If yes, draw
the forces acting on the book.

12
 EGG DROP INERTIA
1. Place the glass on a sturdy table.
2. (Optional) if a real egg is used, fill the glass with
water. Otherwise, an empty glass is fine.
3. Center the pan on top of the glass.
4. Put the toilet paper roll vertically in the middle of the
pan directly over the glass.
Activity 5. Carefully place the egg on the top of the paper roll.
6. In one quick move, knock the pan sideway off the
glass.
7. Observe the egg fall directly into the glass.

QUESTION:
Why does the egg fall right into the glass while the
paper roll and the pan flies sideways?
13
Analysis

14
 Why does the egg fall right into the glass while
the paper roll and the pan flies sideways?

This can be explained by Sir Isaac Newton’s First

Law of Motion, which states that an object at rest
remains at rest and an object in motion stays in
motion with the same velocity unless acted upon
Analysis by an unbalanced force.
Because the egg is not moving at the beginning,
it wants to stay that way. When the pan is
knocked off by hand, its raised edge in turn
knocks off the paper roll. When the support of the
egg is removed, gravity applies a net downward
force that pulls the egg straight down.
15
 FORCE
The vector quantity
Concept
of Force
measured in Newton
(N)
1 N = 1 kg m/s2
16
 UNITS OF FORCE

The
Concept
of Force

17
 What changes can force
do to motion?
The • Force can make an object move
Concept starting from a rest position.
of Force • Force can make a moving
object stop.
• Force can change the direction
of a moving object.
18
 Have you ever felt that that
The you are connected to
Concept someone or something even
of Force if there is physical
separation?
What makes you
connected?
19
 TYPES OF FORCE
The
Concept Contact Forces
of Force Non-Contact Forces

20
 TYPES OF CONTACT FORCE
 Applied force – is applied to an object by
The another object or by a person, the direction
of the applied force depends on how the
Concept force is applied.
of Force

21
 TYPES OF CONTACT FORCE
 Normal Force (N)– referred to as
The pressing force and is always directed
Concept towards the object and acts
perpendicularly.
of Force

22
 TYPES OF CONTACT FORCE
 Frictional force (f) – opposes
The the motion of the object, results
Concept when two surfaces are pressed
of Force together acts parallel to the
surface.

23
 TYPES OF CONTACT FORCE
 Tensional force (T) – a force
The transmitted through a string, rope, or
wire when pulled tight by force acting
Concept at each end.
of Force - the direction is always away from the
object.

24
 TYPES OF CONTACT FORCE
 Spring force – exerted by a spring upon
any object which is attached to it.
The - acts to restore the object, which
Concept compresses or stretches a spring, to its
of Force ret or equilibrium position.

25
 TYPES OF NON-CONTACT FORCE
 Force of Gravity (Weight) – the force
with which the Earth, moon, or other
The massive body attracts an object towards
Concept itself.
of Force

26
 TYPES OF NON-CONTACT FORCE
 Electrical force – force that
The exists between charges
Concept (attractive or repulsive)
of Force

27
 TYPES OF NON-CONTACT FORCE

 Magnetic force – exists in

The
magnets (attract or repel)
Concept
of Force

28
 BALANCED & UNBALANCED
FORCES
 Balanced Forces – are equal
The forces acting in opposite
Concept directions; thus, they have zero net
of Force force.

29
 BALANCED & UNBALANCED
FORCES
 Unbalanced Force – has a
The nonzero net force; thus it produces
Concept acceleration.
of Force

30
 BALANCED & UNBALANCED
FORCES

The
Concept
of Force

31
 NET FORCE
The The combination of all the
Concept forces that act on an object is
of Force the NET FORCE—called the
resultant force of vectors.

32
 NET FORCE
Example: Two 5-N pulls in the same
direction produce a 10-N pull (net
The force of 10 N). If the pair of 5-N pulls
Concept are in opposite directions, the net
of Force force is zero.

33
 NET FORCE
A cart is pulled to the right with a
force of 15 N while being pulled to the
The left with a force of 20 N. The net force
Concept on the cart is
of Force
A. 5 N to the left.
B. 5 N to the right.
C. 25 N to the left.
D. 25 N to the right.
34
 NET FORCE
A cart is pulled to the right with a
force of 15 N while being pulled to the
The left with a force of 20 N. The net force
Concept on the cart is
of Force
A. 5 N to the left.
B. 5 N to the right.
C. 25 N to the left.
D. 25 N to the right.
35
 NET FORCE
What is the net force acting on the box?

The A. 15 N to the left

B. 15 N to the right
Concept C. 5 N to the left
of Force D. 5 N to the right

?
36
 NET FORCE
What is the net force acting on the box?

The A. 15 N to the left

B. 15 N to the right
Concept C. 5 N to the left
of Force D. 5 N to the right

?
37
 Galileo's Concept of Inertia

Inertia
Newton’s
is a property of matter to resist
First Law
changes in motion.
of Motion
depends on the amount of
matter in an object (its mass).

38
 Galileo's Concept of Inertia
Balls rolling on downward-
sloping planes pick up speed.
Newton’s Balls rolling on upward-sloping
planes lose speed.
First Law So a ball on a horizontal plane
of Motion maintains its speed
indefinitely.
If the ball comes to rest, it is
not due to its "nature," but due
to friction.
39
 Galileo's Concept of Inertia
The use of inclined planes for Galileo's
Newton’s experiments helped him to
First Law
A. eliminate the acceleration of free fall.
of Motion B. discover the concept of energy.
C. discover the property called inertia.
D. discover the concept of momentum

40
 Galileo's Concept of Inertia
The use of inclined planes for Galileo's
Newton’s experiments helped him to
First Law
A. eliminate the acceleration of free fall.
of Motion B. discover the concept of energy.
C. discover the property called inertia.
D. discover the concept of momentum

41
 First Law of Motion

Every object continues in a state

Newton’s of rest or of uniform speed in a
First Law straight line unless acted on by
of Motion a nonzero net force.

The LAW of INERTIA

42
 Inertia
INERTIA – a resistance to
Newton’s change in its state of motion
First Law
of Motion Inertia is a “property” of ALL
matter----it is NOT a FORCE
which acts on matter

43
 Inertia
Think about what happens
Newton’s when you suddenly stop a
First Law car.
of Motion
What does your body do?

44
 Inertia
Your body continues to
Newton’s move in the same direction.
First Law
of Motion You are RESISTING change
in your state of motion:
INERTIA!

45
 Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames

Inertial
Frame

46
 Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames

The person inside the bus

Inertial and the person outside
Frame the bus are measuring
from different frames of
reference.
47
 Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames
• Imagine that you are travelling on the bus
with a ball beside you sitting on the floor.
The bus is moving forward at a constant
Inertial velocity of 20km/h.
Frame

48
 Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames
The ball on the floor does not move, which is
as it should be because there is no net force
acting on it and Newton’s first law says that it
Inertial should stay resting unless acted on by some
Frame force.

49
 Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames
Suddenly, the ball starts to
accelerate toward the front of the
Inertial bus...
Frame

50
 Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames
Since there is no net force acting on this ball
(no one pushed it) what is going on? Does
this violate Newton’s first law?
Inertial
Frame

51
 Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames
The laws of physics seem to
momentarily break down for
Inertial you sitting on the
Frame bus.

In reality, what has happened is

that your frame of reference
has been compromised.
52
 Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames

An inertial frame of reference is a

frame of reference in which the
Inertial law of inertia and other physics
Frame laws are valid. Any frame moving
at a constant velocity relative to
another frame is also an inertial
frame of reference.
53
 Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames
• When the breaks are applied to the
bus, the bus undergoes a negative
Inertial acceleration. At this moment, it
Frame becomes a non-inertial frame of
reference.
• A non-inertial frame of reference is
a reference frame in which the law
of inertia does not hold.
54
 Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames
• Although the ball accelerates toward the front of
the bus, there is no net force causing the
acceleration.
Inertial • But if you are sitting on the bus, you observe the
Frame ball accelerating forward. That would imply to you
as you sit on the bus that there is a net force
forward on the ball.
• The reason there appears to be a net force on
the ball is that you are observing the motion of
the ball in the non-inertial reference frame.
55
 Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames
• If you were observing the motion from the
road (which is an inertial frame of
reference) the ball just continues to move
Inertial forward at the speed it was already going,
and it’s motion is easily explained by the
Frame law of inertia.
• To an observer in the inertial frame of
reference (the ground) the bus
experiences a net force causing it to
decelerate. The ball just continues it’s
forward velocity with no net force. 56
 Inertial and Non-Inertial
Reference Frames
To explain the ball’s motion if you are
sitting on the bus, you need to invent a
Inertial force that acts on the ball toward the
Frame front of the bus.This is called the
fictitious force.
It is an invented force that we can use
to explain the observed motion in the
accelerated frame of reference.
57
 Mass and Weight
 In the 17th century Sir Isaac Newton came
to the conclusion that gravity is the force of
attraction between objects, and that the size
of this force depends on the mass of the
Mass objects.
 The mass of an
object is the
amount of
matter in it.

58
 Mass and Weight
 The greater the mass of objects, the greater
the force between them.
 You are attracted by the Earth and the Earth is
attracted by you. This is why you don’t fall off the
Earth (most of the force of attraction is due to the
Mass enormous mass of the Earth).

59
 Mass and Weight
• Mass is the amount of matter in an object
and is measured in kilograms. Mass is not a
force.
• Mass will have the same value anywhere in
Mass the Universe. Including space.

60
 Mass and Weight
Spring balances and scales actually measure the
force of attraction between an object and the
Earth. This is what weight is. Because it is a
force it is measured in newtons.
Mass

61
 Mass and Weight
• Weight is a force and is caused by the pull
of gravity acting on a mass. Like other
forces, weight is measured in newtons.
• Weight has different values depending on
Mass where you are in the Universe.

62
Mass

63
 • “Law of Acceleration”
• states that the amount of force is equal to
an objects mass times its acceleration.
Newton’s • The acceleration of an object is directly
Second Law proportional to the net force &
of Motion indirectly proportional to its’ mass.

Force = Mass x Acceleration (F=ma)

Acceleration= Force/ mass (a=F/m)
64
Newton’s
Second Law
of Motion

65
Newton’s
Second Law
of Motion

66
Newton’s
Second Law
of Motion

67
 1. How much force is needed to
accelerate a 1400 kilogram car at 2
m/s2?
2. How much force is needed to
Newton’s accelerate a 1000-kg car at a rate of 3
Second Law m/s2?
of Motion 3. A dancer lifts his partner above his
head with an acceleration of 2.5
m/s2. The dancer exerts a force of
200 N. What is the mass of the
partner? 68
 A 50 N applied force drags an 8.16 kg log
to the right across a horizontal surface.
What is the acceleration of the log if the
force of friction is 40.0 N?

Newton’s
Second Law
of Motion

69
 An elevator with a mass of 2000 kg rises
with an acceleration of 1.0 m/s/s. What is
the tension in the supporting cable?

Newton’s
Second Law
of Motion

70
“
We are the creative force
of our life, and through
our own decisions rather
than our conditions, if we
carefully learn to do
certain things, we can
accomplish these goals.

71
“
Eventually we all realize
we can’t force if . You
can’t force a connection
or love. You can’t force
them to be something
they’re not. The sooner
we all realize it, the
better off we are.
72
“ You can’t force
people to stay in
your life. Staying is a
choice, so be
thankful for people
who choose you.
73
Thanks!

74