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Radar
Vladimir LEBEDEV
Senior Technical Officer
MARITIME SAFETY DIVISION
History…
• New technologies of Radar become
available to Merchant Shipping with the
end of hostilities in 1945
• Radar on Merchant Ships was initially
installed for commercial purposes
– on ferries to maintain better schedules in fog; and
– large fishing vessels
• Radar was treated with great suspicion by
the mariners…
History…
• With improving technology and after
some time the use of Radar for safety
purposes was recognized
• Misinterpretation of Radar
information had not resulted in any
reduction of the number of serious
collisions at sea
History…
• International Conference on Safety of
Life at Sea in 1960 revised the
International Regulations for
Preventing Collisions at Sea by
adding rules to take account of the
use of Radar and recommendations
on the use of Radar information as
an aid to avoiding collisions at sea
History…
• The International Conference on
Safety of Life at Sea in 1974 adopted
provisions to the SOLAS Convention
making Radar a mandatory carriage
requirement for Merchant Ships in a
phased programme starting in 1980,
which finally completed in 2002
SOLAS requirements…
• All Merchant Ships of 300 gross
tonnage and over now shall carry a
Radar and many carry two
• IMO adopted performance standards
for marine Radars, which are used in
connection/integration with other
navigational equipment required to
carry on board ships such as,
SOLAS requirements…
- an automated target tracking aid
- ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid)
- AIS (Automatic Identification System)
- ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display And
Information System
- GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite
System)
- others
NON-SOLAS ships
• Many small craft (millions?) also
carry Radar voluntary as
manufacturers have produced cost
effective designs for their needs
The Shipmaster’s Point of View
Shorelines Rising to 60 20 20
Shorelines Rising to 6 8 8
Shorelines Rising to 3 6 6
Small vessel with radar reflector meeting IMO Performance 4.0 5.0 3.7
Standards1
• Roll 25 degrees
• Yaw 5 degrees
1.0
Baseline = 0.93 +/-0.016
0.9
0.8
0.7
Probability of detection
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39