Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Content
Introduction
IIR Filter Structures
FIR Filter Structures
a z-1
y( n) b0 x ( n) a1 y( n 1) a 2 y( n 2)
w 2 ( n) y( n)
w 3 ( n) w 2 ( n 1) y( n 1)
w4 ( n) w 3 ( n 1) y( n 2)
w5 ( n) a1 w 3 ( n) a 2 w4 ( n) a1 y( n 1) a 2 y( n 2)
w1 ( n) b0 x ( n) w5 ( n) b0 x ( n) a1 y( n 1) a 2 y( n 2)
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC
Introduction
return
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC
IIR Filter Structures
Y (z) k
b z k
b0 b1 z 1 bM z M
H (z) k 0
X (z) N
1 (a1 z 1 a N z N )
1 ak z k
k 1
N M
y( n) ak y( n k ) bk x( n k )
k 1 k 0
Direct form
In this form the difference equation is implemented
directly as given. There are two parts to this filter,
namely the moving average part and the recursive
part (or the numerator and denominator parts).
Therefore this implementation leads to two versions:
direct form I and direct form II structures
M
M N k
b z k
y( n) bk x( n k ) ak y( n k ) H ( z ) k 0
N
k 0 k 1
1 ak z k
k 1
b0 y1 ( n) y2 ( n)
x (n) y(n)
z-1 b1 a1 z-1
x ( n 1) y( n 1)
z-1 b2 a2
z-1
x ( n 2) y ( n 2)
bM-1
x ( n M 1) aN-1
z-1 y( n N 1)
bM
x( n M ) aN
z-1
y( n N )
b0
x (n) y(n)
z-1 b1 a1 z-1
z-1 b a2
z-1
2
bM-1
z-1 b
M
aN-1 z-1
aN
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC
IIR Filter Structures
Cascade form
In this form the system function H(z) is written as a
product of second-order sections with real coefficients
M M1 M2
k
b z k
(1 pk z 1
) (1 q k z 1
)(1 q 1
kz )
H (z) k 0
N
A k 1
N1
k 1
N2
1 ak z k k
(1 c z 1
) (1 d k z 1
)(1 d 1
kz )
k 1 k 1 k 1
M1 M2
M M1 2M 2
(1 p z ) (1 b
k
1
1k
1
z b2 k z ) 2
N N1 2N 2
H (z) A k 1
N1
k 1
N2
k
(1
k 1
c z 1
) (1 a1k
k 1
z 1
a 2k z 2
)
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC
IIR Filter Structures
1 b1k z 1 b2 k z 2
H ( z ) A 1 2
A H k ( z )
k 1 a1 k z a2 k z k
First-order section
a2k z-1
a2k z-1
x (n) 4 2 y(n)
z-1 -1.2402
0.25
z-1
-0.3799
Parallel form
In this form the system function H(z) is written as a sum
of sections using partial fraction expansion. Each section
is implemented in a direct form. The entire system
function is implemented as a parallel of every section.
Suppose M=N
M
k
b z k
N1
Ak N2
b0 k b1k z 1
H (z) k 0
G0 1
1
N
k 1 1 c k z k 1 1 a1 k z a2k z 2
1 ak z k
k 1
N N1 2N 2
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC
IIR Filter Structures
N 1
2
b0 k b1k z 1
H ( z ) G0 k 1 1 a1k z 1 a2 k z 1
A1 A2 A3 A4
H (z)
3 1 1 1 1 1
(1 z 1 ) (1 z 1 ) 1 ( j ) z 1 1 ( j ) z 1
4 8 2 2 2 2
A1 2.93, A2 17.68, A3 12.25 j14.57, A4 12.25 j14.57
24. 5
1 z-1 26.82
-1/2 z-1
Transposition theorem
If we reverse the directions of all branch transmittances
and interchange the input and output in the flow graph,
the system function remains unchanged.
The resulting structure is called a transposed structure
or a transposed form.
return
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC
FIR Filter Structures
Direct form
In this form the difference equation is implemented
directly as given. N 1
y( n) h( m ) x( n m )
m 0
It requires N multiplications
Cascade form
In this form the system function H(z) is converted into
products of second-order sections with real coefficients
N It requires (3N/2) multiplications
N 1 2
H ( z ) h( n) z n (b0 k b1k z 1 b2 k z 2 )
n0 k 1
Linear-phase form
Linear phase:
The phase response is a linear function of frequency
Linear-phase condition
h( n) h( N 1 n) Symmetric impulse response
h( n) h( N 1 n) Antisymmetric impulse response
When an FIR filter has a linear phase response, its
impulse response exhibits the above symmetry
conditions. In this form we exploit these symmetry
relations to reduce multiplications by about half.
n0
N 1
1
N 1 N 1
2
N 1
h(n)z
n0
n
h(
2
)z 2
h(n)z
N 1
n
n 1
2
N 1
1
N 1
1 let n N 1 m
N 1
2
N 1 2
h
n0
( n ) z n
h(
2
)z 2
h(
m 0
N 1 m ) z ( N 1 m )
N 1
1 let n m
N 1
2
h( n)[ z n z ( N 1 n ) ] h(
N 1
)z 2
n0 2
h( n) h( N 1 n)
±1 ±1 ±1 ±1
z-1 z-1 z-1
N 1 N 1
h(0) h(1) h( 2) h( 1) h( )
2 2
y(n)
1 for symmetric
-1 for antisymmetric
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC
If N is even
N
1
N 1 2 N 1
H ( z ) h( n) z n h( n ) z n
h( n ) z n
n0 n0 N
n
2
N
2
1
N
2
1 let n N 1 m
h
n0
( n ) z n
h( N
m 0
1 m ) z ( N 1 m )
N
1 let n m
2
h
n0
( n )[ z n
z ( N 1 n )
] h( n) h( N 1 n)
±1 ±1 ±1 ±1 ±1 z-1
z-1 z-1 z-1
N N
h(0) h(1) h( 2) h( 2) h( 1)
2 2
y(n)
1 for symmetric
-1 for antisymmetric
N 1 N 1
H ( k )
H ( z ) (1 z N ) H c ( z ) H k ( z )
1 1
k 1
N k 0 1 WN z N k 0
2 4
0
N N
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC
N 1 N 1
H (k )
H k ( z )
1 W k 1 resonant filter
k 0 k 0 N z
The pole locations are identical to the zero locations and that
2
both occur at k , which are the frequencies at which
N
the designed frequency response is specified. The gains of
the filter at these frequencies are simply the complex-valued
parameters H (k )
H ( 0)
W N0 z-1
H (1)
x (n) y(n)
W N1 z-1
zN
H ( N 1)
W N ( N 1) z-1
Problems
It requires a complex arithmetic implementation
It is possible to obtain an alternate realization in which only
real arithmetic is used. This realization is derived using the
symmetric properties of the DFT and the W N k factor.
H r (k ) H (k )
N N 1
1 r z N
H (k )
H (z)
N 1 rW k 1
k 0 N z
H (k ) H(N k)
H k (z) k 1
1 rW N z 1 rW N( N k ) z 1
1
H (k )
H (k ) b0 k b1k z
k 1
1 rW N z k 1
1 rW N z 1 2 2 2
1 z 2r cos( k ) r z
N
k 1,2, , N 1 , N is odd
2 b0 k 2 Re[H ( k )]
N
k 1,2, , 1, N is even b1k 2r Re[H ( k )W Nk ]
2
2 z-1 b1k
2r cos( k)
N
r 2 z-1
first-order sections
H0 (z) H N (z)
2
H ( 0) H(N )
2
r z-1 r z-1
N ( N 1 )
N is odd 1 r z N 2
H 0 ( z ) H k ( z )
H (z)
N k 1
H0 (z)
1
H1 ( z)
N
x (n) y(n)
H k (z )
r N zN
H N (z)
2
x (n) X (k )
L-point
DFT
Y (k ) L-point
y(n)
IDFT
h(n)
L-point
DFT
H (k )
return
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC
h(n)=h(N-1-n) h(n)=-h(N-1-n)
4
6 N 11 N 11
2
4
0
2 -2
0 -4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n
h(n)=h(N-1-n) h(n)=-h(N-1-n)
4
6 N 10 N 10
2
4 return
0
2 -2
0 -4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n
return
Copyright © 2005. Shi Ping CUC