Isaac Newton

(1642–1727)
Newton’s Laws in motion
Newton's First Law

A body will remain at rest or

moving with constant
velocity unless acted upon
by an unbalanced force.
Newton's First Law

if the forces on a body are balanced,

 then it will be at rest or moving with constant velocity.

 If the velocity is not constant then it is accelerating.

Newton's First Law

1. Mass on a string
If a mass is hanging at rest on the end of
a string then Newton’s first law states
Tension
that the forces must be balanced.
This means the
Force up = Force down.
Tension = weight

Weight
2. Car travelling at constant velocity
If the car in is travelling at constant velocity, then Newton’s
first law states the forces must be balanced.
This means the:
Force up = Force down
Normal = weight
Force right= Force left
Thrust = Air resistance
Normal

Thrust
Air resistance

Weight
Terminal Velocity

v2 = u2 – 2gh

v2 = (0)2 – 2(10)(-8000)

v2 = 16 0000 H = 8000 m

v = 400 m/s
Terminal Velocity
at t = 0
Resistance W=R
u=0
R
R Balanced
R Forces
Weight
W Acceleration =
Zero
W
Steady
W velocity

W Terminal
velocity
 Air resistance
3. The parachutist
If the free fall parachutist descends at
a constant velocity then Newton’s first
law states that the forces must be
balanced.
This means the:
Force up = Force down
Air resistance = weight

Weight
 Speed & Acceleration changes of an object as it
approaches terminal velocity:

Speed increases to a Acceleration

constant value. decreases to a zero.
Speed

Acceleration

Time Time
4. A raindrop falling through air reaches a terminal
velocity before hitting the ground. At terminal
velocity, the frictional force on the raindrop is

A. zero.

B. less than the weight of the raindrop.

C. greater than the weight of the raindrop.

D. equal to the weight of the raindrop.

5. An object is falling, in air, towards the Earth’s surface.
What changes occur in the acceleration and in the
velocity of the object as it approaches terminal
velocity?
Explain, with reference to Newton’s 1st law,
the importance of using seat belts in cars.
Newton’s Laws in motion
Newton's Second Law

The acceleration of a body is

directly proportional to the
force applied and inversely
proportional to its mass.
 Direct proportion: straight line passing through
the origin.
 Acceleration = Slope of the line.

Force

Mass
Newton's second Law

if the forces on a body are unbalanced,

 then it will not be at rest or moving with constant velocity.

 If the velocity is not constant then it is accelerating.

Newton's second Law

Calculate the acceleration

M = 20 kg F = 50 N

50 = (20) a

a = 2.5 m/s2
Newton's second Law

Calculate the acceleration

M = 20 kg
F = 50 N
50 - 20 = (20) a

a = 1.5 m/s2
Friction = 20 N
Newton's second Law Air resistance = R
The free fall parachutist
After falling freely for some time, a free
fall parachutist whose mass is 60kg and
her weight is 600 N opens her parachute.
Suddenly the force due to air resistance
increases to 900 N. Calculate the
acceleration of the parachutist.
Σ F=ma
W-R=Ma
600 – 900 = 60 (a)
a = - 5 m/s2
Weight = W
Newton’s Laws in motion
Newton's Third Law

If object A exerts a force on

object B then object B will exert
an equal and opposite force on
object A.
Newton's third Law
A falling body

A body falls freely towards the ground.

If we ignore air resistance,
there is only one force acting on the
body which is the weight.
If the Earth pulls the body down,
W
then the body must pull the Earth up
with an equal and opposite force.
Newton's third Law
Recoil of a gun
When a gun is fired the velocity of the bullet changes.
 Newton’s third law states that if the gun exerts a force on the
bullet the bullet must exert an equal and opposite force on the
gun.
This is the force that makes the gun recoil or ‘kick back’.
 N
Newton's third Law
A box rests on the floor
There are two forces acting on the box.
Normal force: The floor is pushing up on
the box with a force N.
According to Newton’s third law the box
must therefore push down on the floor
N
W
with a force of magnitude N.
Weight: The Earth is pulling the box down
with a force W.
According to Newton’s third law, the box
must be pulling the Earth up with a force
of magnitude W. W
2.08 Friction
 Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid
surfaces, fluid layers, and objects sliding against each
other.
It is a force that slows down moving objects .
It is Between your shoes and the ground when you walk.
It Prevents machinery from moving freely and heats up its
moving parts.
2.08 Friction
How to reduce friction
 Wheels are mounted on ball or roller bearings, with
oil or grease to make moving parts slippery.
2.08 Friction
Advantages
 Gives shoes grip on the ground to walk.
 Give tyres grip on the ground.
 Used in most braking systems.
2.08 Friction
Static Friction
 Between Stationary objects (surfaces).
 Varies from Zero to a maximum value.
 Greater than dynamic friction.
2.08 Friction
Static Friction
2.08 Friction
Dynamic Friction
 Between moving objects (surfaces).
 Constant value.
 Smaller than static friction.
2.08 Friction
Dynamic Friction
2.08 Friction
Friction force depends on:
 Nature of the surfaces.
 Normal reaction force (Weight).
 Stationary objects or moving.