Sensors

Position
Sensors

Torque Velocity
Sensor Sensors

Force & Pressure Acceleration

Sensor Sensors
 Introduction
 Used for
– Internal Feedback
– External Interaction
 Some sensors possess similar in
function to that of the human and
animal sensor
 Sensor Characteristics
 Cost  Linearity
 Size  Range
 Weight  Response time
 Output Types  Frequency response
 Interfacing  Reliability
 Resolution  Accuracy
 Sensitivity  Repeatability
Position Sensors
 Potentiometer
 Encoder
– Incremental
– Absolute
 LVDT
 Resolvers
 LMDT or MDT
 Hall-effect Sensor
Position Sensors
(Potentiometer)
Position Sensors
(Encoder)
 Position Sensors

Absolute encoder
The optical disk of the absolute encoder is designed to produce a
digital word that distinguishes N distinct positions of the shaft. For
example, if there are 8 tracks, the encoder is capable of producing 256
distinct positions or an angular resolution of 1.406 (360/256) degrees.
The most common types of numerical encoding used in the absolute
encoder are gray and binary codes.
 Position Sensors
Incremental encoder
Or a relative encoder, is simpler in
design than the absolute encoder. It
consists of two tracks and two
sensors whose outputs are called
channels A and B. As the shaft
rotates, pulse trains occur on these
channels at a frequency
proportional to the shaft speed, and
the phase relationship between the
signals yields the direction of
rotation. The code disk pattern and
output signals A and B are
illustrated in the Figure.
Velocity Sensors
 Encoder
 Techometers
 Differentiation of
Position
 Acceleration Sensors
 Based on piezoelectric technology various physical
dimensions can be measured, the most important
include pressure and acceleration. Figure shows
schematic configurations of those sensors in the
transverse configuration. In both designs, the
elements are thin cuboids that are loaded along their
longest extension. For pressure sensors, a thin
membrane with known dimensions and a massive
base is used; assuring that an applied pressure
specifically loads the elements in one direction. For
accelerometers, a seismic mass is attached to the
crystal elements. When the accelerometer
experiences a motion, the invariant seismic mass
loads the elements according to Newton�s second
law of motion F=ma.
Acceleration Sensors
Force & Pressure Sensors
Force & Pressure Sensors
Force & Pressure Sensors
Force & Pressure Sensors
Torque Sensors

Miniature
Ranges 1 - 100 Nm
Keyed shaft
0-10 V or 4 - 20 mA
IP 50
 Miscellaneous Sensors
Micro switch
Light and Infrared Sensors
Touch and Tactile Sensors
Proximity Sensors
Magnetic, Optical, Ultrasonic, Inductive, Capacitive
Range Finders
Sniff Sensors
Vision Sensor
Voice-Recognition Devices
Voice Synthesizers
Remote Center Compliance (RCC) Device