Welcome to a new

semester! It is the
moment to get new
theory and discuss new People and
Organizations
ideas about the
educational
administration. I wish you
the best in your lives my
dear students.
 THE SCHOOL AS INSTITUTION

The school as institution will have a legal

status, with governors or shareholders
(depending on whether it is state or privately
owned), a board of management, staff and
students.
It will be normally registered with the
appropriate authority as an employer and tax
payer.
 THE SCHOOL AS ORGANIZATION

 Schools are also organizations, which is to say, they

consist of a network of relationships among the
individuals who regard themselves as belonging to
that organization.
 These relationships will be variously directed towards
the achievement of the goals of the organization,
towards maintaining the organization as a social
unit, and towards fulfilling the personal needs of the
individuals.
“WITHOUT STUDENTS A SCHOOL CAN NOT
BE AN ORGANIZATION BUT IT CAN BE AN
INSTITUTION”
 ORGANIZATIONS CONTAIN BOTH
RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL ELEMENTS

It is as well to bear this in mind, since neat

descriptions of organizational structure can
obscure the volatile and all too human
aspects of organizations.
It is not the organization as such which has
the goals , but the individuals within it.
 A REAL CHALLENGE FOR ANY
ORGANIZATION

One of the problems

which management
has to face is
reconciling the
diversity of goals in
the organization to
establish a
consensus to
achieve one goal.
 TECHNOLOGY: A VITAL ASPECT IN THE
ORGANIZATION

Hardware Software
THE COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
An important
part of the
organizational
Technology
An important
part of
educational
technology
 IN SUMMARY!

The technology of an organization

consists of both tangible and intangible
means whereby organizational goals can
be achieved .
 THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE

 Organizations are characterized by belief and value

systems which influence, sometimes very profoundly,
the relationships, practices and achievements of the
organization.
 Organizations have a culture by which they can be
characterized.
 The culture of a school is expressed in the attitudes
and behaviour of people towards each other, and it is
something which we pick up from what people say
and do.
 Then, how do I realize about the organizational
culture of a school?
TWO KINDS OF CULTURES IN A SCHOOL:

Based on the idea A collegiate culture

of a hierarchy of
command and
professional status
ANOTHER INDEX OF CULTURAL ASPECTS:
STAFF AND STUDENTS
Keeping students at
Pastoral care: It values arm’s length: It
the student as an encourages distant and
individual. impersonal contacts.
 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE
ORGANIZATION: THE EMPLOYEES!
The Administrative The Tutorial Staff:
Staff: They tend to They often prefer
value set routines variation and
and ways of doing originality.
things.

The organization
must cope with them
by promoting a
satisfactory cultural
mix.
 NEEDS AND THE ORGANIZATION

A school exists to provide an educational

service to its clients. (Students, parents,
members of the community,
shareholders, employers, etc)

Are you satisfied with what you have

gotten here? Are your parents happy? Is
society happy of you, professionally
talking?
Are they raw materials in
the process of being WHICH IS
THE STATUS
converted to finished OF THE
CLIENTS?
products?
Are they co-participants How do you
see
with teachers in a process yourselves?
of discovery and growth?
Define the
Are they consumers of a culture and
service provided by the goals in
your
school? school!!!

Are they something else?

THERE MUST BE A BALANCE IN THE 3
BROAD SETS OF NEEDS.

Task Needs

Group Individual
Needs Needs
THE TASK NEEDS HAVE TO BE SATISFIED
TO CARRY OUT THE WORK OF THE
ORGANIZATION!
For example: To stay
in business and to
generate a profit.
Any other?
Is there any
difference with
public and private
schools as
organizations?
 THE GROUP NEEDS: THEY ARE TO DO
WITH THE ORGANIZATION AS A SOCIAL
UNIT.
Setting standars
Maintaning discipline
Building team spirit
Encouraging, motivating and giving a sense of
purpose
Appointing sub-leaders
Ensuring communication with the group
Training members of the group
 A HAPPY AND HARMONIOUS STAFF
ROOM IS A GOOD SIGN!

The successful
creation and
maintenance of
team spirit is
important, and it is
a mark of a
successful
organization that
this social need is
fullfilled.
 INDIVIDUAL OR PERSONAL NEEDS: A
CAUSE OF LOSS OF MORALE AND
MOTIVATION
Meeting individual needs involves:
Attending to personal problems
Praising individuals
Giving status
Recognizing and using individual abilities
Training the individual
SOMETHING TO HAVE A DEEP THINKING:

The kinds of individual treatment which

good educational practice advocates for
students apply equally well to teachers
and other staff.

HMWK: Prepare to explain Maslow’s

hierarchy of needs.
1.3. THE STRUCTURE OF ORGANIZATIONS

What’s structure?
Basically. Structure is an inventory or list
of what has to be organized.

Different models of structure:

Formal and democratic
Political and subjective, etc
 MODELS ENABLE MANAGERS WITH A
BASE!

Models provide
insights into aspects
of school
organization which
have hitherto proved
baffling. They help
managers to take
pre-emptive action
to avoid creating
difficulties.
 THEY CONSIST OF
RELATIONSHIPS What are
BETWEEN PEOPLE WHO organizati
ons?
HAVE COME TOGETHER
WITH A PURPOSE.
THE ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE

Job

Authority

Position
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE WITH A FLAT
AND A TALL PYRAMIDICAL FORMS?
THEY ASSUME THAT FORMAL
ORGANIZATIONS ARE MODELS
HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS IN WHICH
MANAGERS USE RATIONAL MEANS
TO PURSUE AGREED GOAL.
 ON THE OTHER HAND: THE INFORMAL
STRUCTURE

It is the dynamic aspect of the

organization.
It is realized through the relationships
which are not actually specified in formal
titles and procedures.
BUSH AND PAISEY’S
Do not
DISCUSSION ON THE leave
WEAKNESSES OF out!!!
FORMAL MODELS (5
WEAKNESSES!)
 MORE MODELS!

Democratic models The political model

have the rather emphasizes in
utopian belief that groups rather than
decision- making the larger
should be based on organization,
democratic priciples. stressing also de
prevalence of
conflict and of
interest of groups.
 MORE MODELS! PART II

The subjective The ambiguity model

model
DO NOT MISS THE LAST TWO ELEMENTS
IN THIS SO IMPORTANT 1.3

Bush’s considerations on the factors (5) for

the applicability of each model.

The four-phase model for policy formation.