“Improve our skills

about How to Translating an English into

Indonesian
and hopefully we will
be a good TRANSLATOR !
 Definition
 Process
 Principles
 Techniques
 Difficulties
 How To be Good Translator
 Translation is the replacement of textual
material in one language (SL) by equivalent
textual material in another language (TL).
(Catford, 1965)

Translation is rendering the meaning of a text

into another language in the way that the author
intended the text. (Newmark, 1988: 5)
 According to Pacific International
Translation, There are 5 steps of translations
 The first step is to scope out the text to
be translated. That is, the subject matter
and content, how long it is, the writing
style, if it is technical, the various sections,
etc.
The translator will typically read
or skim read parts of the text to get a feel
for the content.
 In this step the document is
systematically translated, typically in
chunks of 5 – 10 words at a time.
Choosing the appropriate length of
individual text chunks to deal with is
important. Ideally each chunk will be a
discrete and complete unit of meaning.
 After the first draft is completed, the
translator will then methodically work through
his/her translation comparing each chunk of
text with the original (source) text.
The primary goal here is to confirm no
content has been missed and no meaning
misinterpreted.
Most translators will also identify and
improve any slightly unnatural or inelegant
wording in this step.
 The next step is very simple – put the
translation aside and take a break.
Ideally this should be for a few hours or
overnight.
The idea is purely to clear the mind to
ensure a more effective fifth and final step
 In the final step the translator re-reads
the translation, this time without reference
to the source document, looking solely at
quality of expression.
Final edits will be made to further
refine and “polish” the translated text.
There are 6 principles of translation by Alan
Duff :
The translation should reflect accurately
the meaning of the original text
 The ordering of the words and ideas in
the translation should match the original as
closely as possible. This is particularly
important in translating legal documents,
guarantees, contracts, etc.
However, differences in the language
structure often require changes in the form
and order of words.
 One of the most frequent criticisms of
translation is that it does not sound
‘natural’. This is because the translator’s
thought and choice of words are too
strongly influenced by the original text.
 It will be better if the translator does
not change the style of the original.
But if it is needed, for example
because the text is full of repetitions or
mistakes in writing, the translator may
change it.
 Idiomatic expressions including similes,
metaphors, proverbs, and sayings, jargon,
slang, and colloquialisms and phrasal verbs
are often untranslatable
 One of the most frequent criticisms of
translation is that it does not sound
‘natural’. This is because the translator’s
thought and choice of words are too
strongly influenced by the original text.
There are 2 techniques of the translation
 Direct Translation
 Oblique Translation
 Borrowing
Borrowing is a technique that takes a
word or expression straight from another
language. It can be copied, reproduced,
translated/changed in TLexactly as in SL.
When an expression or a word is taken over
purely in TL(without change), it is called
pure borrowing
 Calque
Calque also called as loan translation.
It is a technique translation of the word or
phrase or from the SL into TL which can be
lexical or structural system. It also can be
translation word-for-word in a language
into another language, for example
translates each word literally
 Literal
It is a technique that translates a word
or an expression in word for word. The SL is
translated literally, and focuses on the form
and structure, without any addition or
reduction into TL
 Modulation
Modulation is a technique that
changes the point of view in the TL in order
to focus or cognitive category in relation to
SL. It is a variation of the form of the
message, obtained by a change the point
of view. It allows in expressing the same
phenomenon in a different way.
 Transposition
Transposition is a technique that
changes a grammatical category in
relation to the source language. This
technique same with shift (in category,
structure and unit shift, such as changing
singular to plural, position of adjective,
changing the word class or part of speech)
 Equivalent
It is a technique that use term or
expression which is recognized (in
dictionary or language in use and
everyday use) as an equivalent in the TL. It
is used to refer to cases where language
describe the same situation bydifferent
stylistic or structural.
 Adaptation
Adaptation is a technique that
replaces the SL cultural elements with one
which has the same condition and
situation in the TL culture. The translator has
to create or make a new situation that can
be considered as being equivalent both in
SL and TL.
 Structure of the Languge
Every language sits inside a defined
structure with its own agreed upon rules.
The complexity and singularity of this
framework directly correlates to the
difficulty of translation.
 Multiple Meaning
The same word may mean multiple
things depending on where it’s placed
and how it’s used in a sentence. This
phenomenon typically follows one of two
patterns.
 Sarcasm
Sarcasm is a sharp, bitter, or cutting
style of expression that usually means the
opposite of its literal phrasing. Sarcasm
frequently loses its meaning when
translated word-for-word into another
language and can often cause
unfortunate misunderstandings.
 Love the Language
 Select a specialist area of expertise, and
study and be prepared to learn more
about your specialist subject.
 Improve your Vocabulary Knowledge by
Reading an English Article, Watch a
Movies or Music