Chapter 6:

Water Supply &

Distribution System

BFC3153 1
 CONTENT
Water supply
& Discharge
System

Water
Water Supply Efficiency &
Conservation

Internal
Supply from
Building
Main
Supply System

Tall Building
BFC3153 2
 Water
• Water- major natural resource
• One of the big three- land, water, air.

BFC3153 3
 Water
• Water for human consumption MUST be:
 Free from harmful bacteria & suspended matter
 Colourless
 Pleasant to taste
 For health reasons, moderately hard
• Water treatment & storage- ensure good water quality for
human’s consumptions.
• A basic essential for water supply is that it should be free of
harmful impurities and fit for drinking.
• Water that has been collected from above ground or
extracted from below is unlikely to be acceptable as it may
have become contaminated.

BFC3153 4
Main Water Distribution System

BFC3153 5
Method of Distribution
Pumping System

BFC3153 6
 Types Of Piping for Water Supply System

• Commonly used pipe materials, such as:

 Cast iron (BS 4622)
 Copper (BS EN 1057)
 GI with PVC-C lining (BS 1387)
 PVC, unplasticized PVC, PB, PE, PE-X
 Stainless steel (BS 4127)

BFC3153 7
Types Of Piping Valves used for Water Supply
System

Ball valve
Butterfly valve
Gate valve
Non-return valve
Pressure reducing valve
Pressure relief valve
Stopcock
Float switch
Expansion vessel

BFC3153 8
 Domestic Supply System

Internal Supply
Pipe/ Distribution
pipe

Communication External
pipe supply pipe/
service pipe

BFC3153 9
 Domestic Supply System-Type of main pipes for
domestic supply
1. Communication Pipe:
• pipe from water treatment plant to the
house boundary @ to the water meter.
• responsibility by supply authority (e.g.
RANHILL SAJ in Johor and SYABAS in
Selangor) .
• minimum depth 0.75m Internal
Supply Pipe/
2. Service Pipe @ External Supply Pipe Distribution
pipe
• is supply pipe from the house boundary
into the storage tank @ from water meter
to water tank. External supply
• serving the storage tank and kitchen sink pipe/ service
with stopcock and drain cocks. Communication pipe
• responsibility by the house owner. pipe

3. Distribution Pipe/ Internal Supply Pipe

• pipe from storage tank to all the water
taps @ fitments.

BFC3153 10
 Internal Supply for Building
• Domestic water system provides the occupants adequate
quantity of domestic water for drinking and other usage
(personal health and hygiene).

• The domestic water system must also protect the water it

conveys from harmful substances that would damage the
water quality and make it unfit for human consumption.

• Water is supply into building from the main either by :

1. Direct supply system
2. Indirect supply

BFC3153 11
 Types of Supplies to Internal Building
Direct Water Supply is when
water is supply directly from
the main to fixtures.
Property Boundary
Indirect Water Supply-Water
going to overhead tank and then
the water is supplied to different
floors by gravity

Property Boundary

Water meter
Water meter

BFC3153 12
 Direct Cold Water Supply Systems
Feed cistern for hot
water cylinder
• conveys water directly
from water mains to the
point of usage without
any transit water storage
tanks.
• the capacity (in liters ) of
the feed cistern is Water supply
required to be at least conveyed directly
equal to the capacity in to the point of
liters of hot water outlets
cylinder.
• a cistern of 114 liters
(minimum) capacity and
is therefore small
enough to be
accommodated in the
top of an airing
cupboard, thus saving
lagging of the cistern
and pipe work.

BFC3153 13
 Direct/Unvented Hot Water Supply
System
Hot water
cylinder from
direct supply

• Hot water from the

boiler mixes directly
with the water in the
cylinder.
• Boiler must be rust-
proofed.
• The storage cylinder
and associated pipe
work should be well
insulated to reduce
energy losses.

BFC3153 14
Direct System – Cold & Hot Water
Supply Fixtures
The items identified in the illustration above of
a direct water supply are:
1. Water company stopcock - this is used to
cut off all the water to the property and is
the point at which the responsibility for the
water pipe changes; up to, and including,
this stopcock the water supply company is
the responsible for it; from this point to the
house, the house owner is responsible
even if the stopcock is not on their land
(it's often in the pavement).
2. Householders stopcock - normally just
one stopcock within the property will cut
off all the water into it and the
householder is responsible for it. This
stopcock is normally located where the
rising mains enters the house, often under
the kitchen sink.
BFC3153 15
Direct System – Cold & Hot Water
Supply Fixtures
3. Draincock - this allows all the pipework
within the house to be drained down at
the lowest point.
4. Stopcock - this stopcock can be used to
isolate the rising main from the cost
water taps and WC cistern etc to allow
maintenance in those areas without
having to shut off all the water in the
property.
5. Stopcock - this stopcock can be used to
isolate the rising main from the cost
water taps and WC cistern etc to allow
maintenance in those areas without
having to shut off all the water in the
property.

BFC3153 16
Direct System – Cold & Hot Water
Supply Fixtures
6. Gate valve which can isolate the hot water
from the multi point water heater to the taps
etc.
NOTE: Valves 5 and 6 allow for the water
heater to be isolated for maintenance, repair
or replacement.
7. Multi water heater - specifically designed to
work at mains water pressure.
8. Inline valves to isolate water feeds to washing
machine or dishwasher etc.
9. WC overflow pipe - this takes any overflow
from the WC cistern out of harms way and
deposits it outside of the building. It needs to
be positioned so that any water flow is
immediately noticed as it would indicate a
problem.

BFC3153 17
 Indirect Cold Water Supply Systems
The Storage capacity in liters will be By law 30-cistern of 227 liters
approximately double that required for minimum capacity
the direct system & Water is fed to all
the other taps and
fixtures by gravity.
rising main feeds a
storage tank at a
high point in the
building

directly feeds at
least one cold tap
at the kitchen sink
with ‘potable’ water
(i.e. water which is
fit for drinking,
cooking etc).

BFC3153
 Indirect/Vented Hot Water Supply
System
Supply from main
feed the storage
cistern
Cold water Hot water
• Water is supply cylinder
from the storage distributed from
storage cistern feeds by
cistern to the the
vented tank for storage
heating. cistern
• Separating the
cold water
storage for boiler
supply with the
primary cold
water storage
able to overcome
the
disadvantages of
direct system.

BFC3153 19
Indirect System – Cold & Hot Water
Supply Fixtures
1. Water company stopcock-cut off all
the water to the premises. The point
where the responsibility for the water
pipe changes; up to, and including, this
stopcock is the responsibility of the
water supply company (even if the
stopcock is on your land); from here to
the house, is the house owners
responsibility.
2. Householders stopcock - cut off all
the water within the house. The
householder is responsible for it.
Usually located where the rising mains
enters the house (under the kitchen
sink).
3. Draincock - allows the rising main
within the house to be drained down at
the lowest point.
BFC3153 20
 Indirect System – Cold & Hot Water
Supply Fixtures
4. Stopcock - isolate the rising main from
the storage tank to allow maintenance
without having to cut off all the water
from the property.
5. Storage tank with a ballcock float valve
to control the water stored. The tank
will typically hold from 230 to 360 litres
(50 to 80 gallons) of water at the
highest part of the building - the higher
it is, the better the gravity feed
pressure at the taps etc.
6. Gate valve which can isolate the cold
water feed to the hot water tank.
7. Gate valve which can isolate the cold
water to the WC and taps etc.
8. Hot water cylinder.
9. Gate valve which can isolate the hot
water to the taps.

BFC3153 21
 Indirect System – Cold & Hot Water
Supply Fixtures
10. Storage tank overflow pipe - this takes
any overflow of water from the storage
tank out of harms way and deposits it
outside of the building. It needs to be
positioned so that any water flow is
immediately noticed as it would indicate
a problem.
11. WC overflow pipe - this takes any
overflow from the WC cistern out of
harms way and deposits it outside of the
building. It needs to be positioned so
that any water flow is immediately
noticed as it would indicate a problem.
12. Inline valves to isolate water feeds to
washing machine or dishwasher etc.

BFC3153 22
 Hot Water Supply
• Generated by heaters using natural gas, electricity, steam or solar as an
energy source. However, electricity is widely used because of the ease of
supply.
• For domestic hot water supply temperature shall be generated at 60°C
(140°F), and lowered to 49°C (120°F) using a three-way mixing valve,
before supplying to all plumbing fixtures.

BFC3153 23
 Storage Cistern
 Made of reinforced concrete, fiber glass,
stainless steel and etc.
 Reinforced concrete is the most common
material used for storage reservoir (fixed
storage) while fiberglass and stainless steel
normally use as domestic cistern (portable).
 Fiberglass storage cistern for potable water
shall be of an approved type or certified, with
no toxic materials and suitable for storage of
portable water.
 Storage capacities:
• Assessment of water consumption &
demand
• Ratio Sump tank : roof tank = 1:3 ….refer
water tank calculation~ apply for high
rise building
• Recommend to meet one-day demand

BFC3153 24
Fig 6.4: Water tank basic requirements (for a gravity supply)

BFC3153 25
 Storage Cistern Components

A water storage cistern shall be fitted with: -

1. A ball float valve (control

water level)
2. A fullway gate valve at the c
inlet (a gravity supply only).
Additional automatic control c
switch and without any stop
valve in the case of a pumped
supply.
3. A fullway gate valve at outlet c
pipe .
4. A drain-off pipe properly c
plugged or with control valve
(adequate means to prevent
any unauthorized operation)

BFC3153 26
5. Overflow pipe
• to discharge overflow water to a
conspicuous position easily visible and
accessible by the occupants.
• at least one commercial size larger than
the inlet pipe (min. 25 mm in diameter)
• A grating and a self-closing non-return
flap at the overflow pipe outside the
storage cistern.
c
6. Warning pipe
• min. 25 mm in diameter
• at a level below the overflow pipe and be
extended to outside of the building c
periphery for roof cistern or outside the
pump room for sump cistern.

7. Outlet pipe
• Outlet pipes from the storage cistern be
at the opposite side to the inlet supply
pipe to prevent stagnation of water.

BFC3153 27
 Water Capacity Requirements
Types of building Minimum water storage
liter gallon
Residential house (urban) 450 100

Residential house (town) 680 150

Multistory flat house 140 30

Low cost house 450 100

Hostel 180/person 40/person

School 30 6.5

Boarding school 180/person 40/person

BFC3153 28
 Water Storage Capacity-calculation
• For larger buildings, the capacity of the storage cistern will
have to be estimated and Table 6.2 gives the storage
requirements for various types of buildings.
Table 6.2: Provision of cold water to cover 24 hours interruption of supply.

Types of buildings (per resident) Storage in

liters/person
Dwelling house and flats 91
Hostels 91
Hotels 136
Offices without canteen 37
Offices with canteen 45
Restaurant 7
Day schools 27
Boarding school 91
Nurses homes and medical quarters 114

BFC3153 29
 Example 1
If a hostel is design to accommodate 100 students,
determine the cold water storage capacity.
Types of buildings (per resident) Storage in
liters/person
Solution 1:
Dwelling house and flats 91
• Total supply requirements per day for 100
Hostels 91
students x 91 liters = 9100 litres
Hotels 136
Design for storage tank size;
• In the unlikely disruption of supply, the Offices without canteen 37
designer would be wise to acknowledge that a Offices with canteen 45
shut down for 24 hours is usual and as the Restaurant 7
situation is not desperate for water, it would
Day schools 27
be reasonable to allow perhaps 10 hours
reserve supply. Boarding school 91
• Therefore the calculation could be revised Nurses homes and medical quarters 114
thus:
Solution 2:
Total supply (includes water disruption:
9100 liters x 10/24 = 3792 litres

BFC3153 30
 Pipe Sizing Determination
• Thomas Box formula:
q = flow rate (l/s)
d 5 xH d = internal diameter of pipe (mm)
q
25xLx105 H = head or pressure (m)
L = effective length of pipe (m)

• When transposed to make (d) the subject, Box’s formula

appears as follows:
2 5
q x 25 xLx10
d 5
H

BFC3153 31
 Example 2
The simple installation shown in figure 6.11 below provided an
opportunity to illustrate an application of this formula:

Solution 2:

2 5
q x 25 xLx10
d 5
H

? 4m head or pressure

(1.25) 2
x 25 x ( 35  20%) x10 5
d 5
4

Actual pipe length is 35m, allow  5 410x105  33.3mm

20% for bends and other
unforseens.
Discharge of 1.25 l/s
required

BFC3153 32
Advantages & Disadvantages (Direct System)

• Less pipe work and smaller storage cistern,

(cheaper installation).
• Drinking water available at wash basins.
• Smaller cold-water cistern which may be sited
Advantages below the ceiling.

• No storage to satisfy peak demand during

disruption of supply.
• Risk of contamination and pressure fluctuation of
mains.
Disadvantages • Not feasible for high-rise buildings due to main
pressure.
• Noise due to fluctuation of water pressure &
pressure variations.

BFC3153 33S
Advantages & Disadvantages (Indirect System)

• Large capacity storage cistern, provides a

reserve of water during the failure of the
mains supply.
• The water pressure on the taps supplied
from the cistern is reduced, which minimizes

Advantages noise and wear on the taps.

• Fittings supplied with water from the cistern
are prevented from causing contamination
of the drinking water by back siphonage.
• Water storage to meet peak demand.
• Less risk of adverse effects by water mains.
• Can be used in high-rise buildings.

• Requires maintenance to the storage after certain

period.

Disadvantages • Water from the cistern is not suitable for drinking

purpose.
• Additional support for water storage placement.
• Slightly higher cost due to more piping works required.

BFC3153 34
 Overview
on Water
Supply
System for
Tall Building

BFC3153 35
Overview on Water Supply System for Tall Building

• High rise building - occupied floor located more than 75 feet (22 860mm)
above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access (the level where
the fire fighting apparatus stage firefighting operations). International
Building Code, 2009.
• High rise plumbing usually uses vertical piping system (riser pipe) for
water distribution, drainage/venting.
• Two common systems -roof water tank & pressurised systems.
• Pressure distribution supply to a fixtures for tall building is limited to
(Pmax=80psi~550kPa)-Model plumbing Codes & ASPW Data Book. In
Steele, 1984 maximum pressure should not exceed (Pmax=70psi).
• The limit of pressure is due to capacity of the fixtures, for noise
considerations, avoids erosion of piping, water hammer, damage to
fixtures and equipment, excessive equipment costs.
• For this purpose, pressure reducing valves are located on each level
where pressure exceeds or branching from higher pressure riser to make a
pressure zone.

BFC3153 36
Cold water Distribution Systems for Tall Building
Multi-Zones Variable-
Pressure
Multiple cold water Speed Pumps
Single Zone Regulating
Zones with Multiple (Booster
Valves (PRV)
Pumps pumps)
Reduce the energy
Most commonly used consumptions over
in the late 1800s & the life of the system
early 1900s. Consisted of high while increase the
zone tank and low Used multiple Used pressure
booster pumps with regulating valves to system life-cycle by
zone tank years.
constant speed, supply to different
Root tank(s) constant pressure zones,
combined with
constant-speed Reduce the
pumps. When level equipment and
at the tank energy costs,
approached eliminate water
predetermined hammer and surges
height, pump will while maintaining
turned on to fill the Used multiple tanks
with the tank must Supply pressure to accurate pressure
tank./turned off lower zone is setting
when tank is full. be sufficiently
elevated for controlled by PRV ,
Use one pump at
adequate pressure at and the pump
each zone
the first floor discharge pressure is
Water distributes set for the supply to First choice for
using gravity connected
the upper zone. plumbing system
downfeed nowadays
arrangement

BFC3153 37
Variable Speed Pumps/Booster Pumps

BFC3153 38
Variable Speed Pumps/Booster Pumps

BFC3153 39
Variable Speed Pumps/Booster Pumps

BFC3153 40
Variable Speed Pumps/Booster Pumps

BFC3153 41
Variable Speed Pumps/Booster Pumps

BFC3153 42
Direct Supply System for Tall Building
House tank/storage tank capacity
(2/3 of total volume of water
storage)

Suction tank capacity (1/3

of total volume of water
storage)

BFC3153 43
 Direct Water Supply
for Apartments
• Roof tanks are fresh water tanks, placed atop high-
rise buildings. Roof tank installations are used in
water supply applications mainly due to unstable
water mains and unstable power supply.
• Water is provided to the roof tank via a transfer
pump or directly from mains water supply.
• Water is supplied to the majority of the
apartments through gravity. For the apartments
on the three or four uppermost floors (directly
below the tank), gravity is not strong enough to
create the proper water pressure. A pump is
installed to solve this problem

BFC3153 44
Water Storage Capacity for Tall Building
Example 3
Determine the water storage tank capacity for seven storey office building. All the
fittings are given in table 6.3. Allow 15% of supply for extra storage of each tank.

Given Table 6.3:

Quantity Fittings Storage/unit Total water (l)

(quantity x storage)
10 Sink 135
10 Basin 90
10 WC 180
10 Shower 135
10 Tap 135
10 Bath tub 135
Total demand storage : 8100

BFC3153 45
Solution 3:

1. Total water required:

2/3 capacity
Storage tank
= 8100 liter

2. Suction tank ( with capacity = 1/3 )

= 8100 x 1/3 = 2700 liter

add 15 % for extra storage:

= ( 2700 x 15% ) = 405 liter Supply to sinks, baths,

WC’s, Shower, etc.

Volume of suction tank = 3105 liter

1/3 capacity
3. Storage tank ( with capacity = 2/3 )
Suction tank

= 8100 x 2/3 = 5400 liter

Duplicated pump Incoming Main

add 15%:

= ( 5400 x 15% ) = 810 liter

INDIRECT SYSTEM FROM MAIN

Volume of water storage tank = 6210 liter

BFC3153 46
Water Storage Tank Size

Rectangle Tank
Total volume of a rectangular
prism shaped tank is length
times width times height.
Therefore,
Volume (tank) = lwh

The filled volume of a

rectangular tank is just a
shorter height with the same
length and width.
The new height is the fill height
or f. Therefore:
Volume (fill) = lwf
BFC3153 47
 Water Storage Tank Size
Vertical Cylinder Tank
Total volume of a cylinder
shaped tank is the area, A, of
the circular end times the height,
h. A = πr2 where r is the radius
which is equal to d/2. Therefore:
Volume (tank) = πr2h

The filled volume of a vertical

cylinder tank is just a shorter
cylinder with the same radius, r,
and diameter, d, but height is
now the fill height or
f. Therefore:
Volume (fill) = πr2f

BFC3153 48
Solar Heating of Water

BFC3153 49
 Solar Heating of Water
• The sun supplies us with enormous daily energy potential that
exceeds primary energy consumptions.
• Source of energy from the sun is virtually inexhaustible and
unlimited. In some countries, it is sole source of energy for hot water.
• Basic components of solar water heater system:
– Flat plate collector
– Insulated water storage tank
– Well insulated pipes connecting the flat plate collector and the storage tank
– Auxiliary heater for cloudy days
– Control system
• Solar collectors should be 4-6m2 in area and fitted to roofs ideally
pitched at about 40 and facing south.
• The solar cylinder capacity of about 200 liters is heated to 60°.

BFC3153 50
 How it works
Insulated tank
• Two main parts in solar water
heater are the collector and the
insulated tank.
• Cold water in the collector will
be heated up and collected in
Collector
the tank by thermo siphon
principle.
• The process continues until the
water in the tank is heated up
to 60-80 degree Centigrade.
• The heated water will remains
hot in the tank for more than
48 hours.

BFC3153 51
 Flat Plate Collector
• Convert the
solar energy
into thermal
energy.
• Components:
– Absorber
– Transparent
cover
– Insulation
– Tubes, fins
– Frame

BFC3153 52
 Insulated Water Storage Tank
• Water tank that is used for
storing the hot water for
space heating or domestic
use.
• Made of mild steel or steel
(density 7850kg/m3,
thermal conductivity 47.6
w/m0C).
• This tank is insulated with
heater blanket (fiberglass)
and vinyl film on the outside.

BFC3153 53
BFC3153 54
 WATER EFFICIENCY

use water wisely!

28/02/2019 BFC 3153 55

 Efficiency vs Conservation
“Water efficiency” means
using improved technologies
and practices that deliver equal
or better service with less water.
 For example, the use of low-
flow faucet (A regulator for
controlling the flow of a liquid)
aerators can be more powerful
than no aerators for washing
hands.
28/02/2019
“Water conservation” has been
associated with curtailment of water
use and doing “less” with less water,
typically during a water shortage,
such as a drought; for example,
minimizing lawn watering and
automobile washing in order to
conserve water.
 Water conservation also includes
day-to-day “demand management” to
better manage how and when water
is used.
 It is common to hear the words
“water conservation” used
synonymously with “water efficiency.”
BFC 3153 56
 Water Resources

28/02/2019 BFC 3153 57

 Water Efficiency-Aims
Reduced Water Demand
• Generally faster, cheaper and
easier than supply-side
programs.
Less Environmental
Impact
• Due to fewer surface and
subsurface withdrawals.
28/02/2019 BFC 3153
Water and Wastewater
Treatment Saving
• Reduces costs and defers
plant expansion.
Sustained Water Quality
• Reduces groundwater’s
contaminant intrusion and
curtails demand for new
supplies that are of lower
quality.
58
 Changing Behavior vs Equipment

Changing Consistent
behaviors, training and
In reality, both
Equipment viewed as a awareness in
the technical
changes may be quick and combination
and human side
viewed as a inexpensive way with proper
of water
“permanent fix” to achieve tools and
management
to achieve water similar savings equipment will
issues must be
efficiency. without up- achieve more
addressed.
front capital permanent
expense. water savings.

28/02/2019 BFC 3153 59

 10 Steps of Water Efficiency
Planning
Modify Develop
Demand a Workplan
Forecasts & Budget

Combined Review
Estimated Demand
Savings Forecasts

Develop
Rank, Select
Water
& Package
System
Measures
Profile

Perform Evaluate
Cost/Benefit Existing
Analysis Measures

Identify Define
Feasible Efficiency
Measures Potential

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 Water Efficiency Approach
Rainwater Harvesting (RWH)

Water Recycling

Water Efficient Irrigation

Water Efficient Fittings

Metering and Leak Detection System

28/02/2019 BFC 3153 61

 Rainwater Harvesting (RWH)
• The two (2) main
approaches to RWH are
i) collection of
runoff rainwater
from surrounding
site and
ii) collection of
rainwater from roof
top.
• Separate water storage
tanks and additional
pressure boosting
equipment (pump).
• Gravity fed system is
encouraged to avoid
additional energy use for
pumping.

28/02/2019 BFC 3153 62

Rainwater Harvesting (RWH)

BFC3153 63
 RWH in Malaysia – Awareness & Potential
• Malaysia received 990
billion cubic metre of
rainwater annually.
• Surface runoff water
account for 566 bcu.m
evaporates and
64bcu.m end up as
ground water
(Assoc Prof Ar Zuhairuse Md Darus)
• more rainfall made
RWH could be an
effective tool for
helping to reduce the
use of treated water
and provides a
convenient buffer in
times of emergency or a
shortfall in the public
water supply.

28/02/2019 BFC 3153 64

 Quality of Rainwater
The first rainfall may contain higher than
average amounts of accumulated dust,
industrial pollutants, bird and animal
droppings, leaves and other debris. It is
recommended that, to prevent the risk of
potential contaminants adversely
affecting rainwater quality and human
health, the following measures be
implemented:
1. Screened downpipe rainwater head
of other suitable leaf and debris
device to be install on each
downpipe.
2. To improve rainwater quality, a
minimum of 20 litres per 100 sqm
of the first flush of the roof
catchment needs to be
diverted/discarded before entering
the rainwater tank.

28/02/2019 BFC 3153 65

 RWH Diagram

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 Rainwater Collection Calculation
• Rainfall Data from Malaysian Meteorological Dept. Local Rainfall
Stations and responsible regulatory authorities (Refer Table 1).
• Catchments size – square metres of the specific roof catchment area
discharging to storage tank.
• Pre-treatment - devices (first flush) that divert rainwater away from
storage tank.
• Coefficient runoff percentage from catchment area (Refer Table 2).
• Formula :

Max Annual Catchment

amount Rainfall Area Percentage
Runoff
of rainfall = * * * Diverted
(mm/yr) (m2) Coefficient
collected (%)
(lit/year)

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 Table 1 – Rainfall Data for Cities in
Malaysia
NEGERI Jan Feb Mac Apr Mei Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dis Annual Stat

Johor 251.3 104.5 259.0 292.5 251.1 166.9 187.1 238.2 277.1 294.5 250.8 182.3 2755.3 Med

Kedah 16.7 22.4 133.7 219.7 174.2 110.8 204.7 202.7 315.4 373.3 233.4 60.5 2067.5 Med

Kelantan 81.5 21.6 72.6 98.9 178.1 113.1 188.7 185.3 353.7 244.6 707.7 414.3 2660.1 Med

Kuala Lumpur 169.0 184.0 0.0 294.4 0.0 151.3 96.5 172.7 268.8 294.0 198.4 151.3 1980.4 Med

Melaka 89.3 99.9 259.1 309.3 196.0 127.9 134.6 135.2 221.5 238.7 247.5 104.5 2163.5 Med

Negeri Sembilan 70.1 80.4 145.6 173.5 156.3 61.9 91.3 107.1 180.0 189.2 179.3 82.6 1517.3 Med

Pahang 333.6 61.7 230.5 169.7 213.0 146.8 146.1 161.0 257.1 244.7 465.0 481.1 2910.3 Med

Perak 120.8 90.6 113.0 159.8 174.0 74.4 102.6 103.0 226.6 270.4 189.6 94.8 1719.6 Med

Pulau Pinang 31.3 86.1 186.9 316.0 272.5 196.3 238.3 273.9 335.2 252.0 302.8 62.1 2553.4 Med

Perlis 13.1 28.2 104.3 203.2 193.1 157.1 260.4 273.5 353.1 246.4 186.4 49.0 2067.8 Med

Selangor 179.0 154.6 225.4 310.2 158.5 141.7 93.5 175.8 249.8 294.8 259.9 252.4 2495.6 Med

Sabah 158.6 142.3 100.9 179.9 304.2 254.9 254.2 376.5 374.6 396.2 477.4 181.1 3200.8 Med

Sarawak 490.0 94.5 200.5 192.0 251.5 85.0 111.5 161.0 89.5 463.0 307.0 631.0 3076.5 Med

Terengganu 89.7 21.6 96.6 115.4 103.2 92.8 82.0 104.6 202.7 241.0 846.5 357.4 2353.5 Med

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 Table 2 – Runoff Coefficient for Differen
Roof Types
Roof Type Runoff Coefficient
Pitched Tile Roof 0.9
Steel Roof 0.8
Flat Smooth Roof 0.5
Flat Gravel or Turf Roof 0.4
Asphalt/Smooth/Dense Pavement 0.9
Block Pavement (Wide Joints) 0.7
Gravel Roadway 0.3

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 Diversion Factor for First Flush Water
Diverter
• Minimal Pollution – divert 0.5 litre/m2
– (Open field, no trees, no bird droppings, clean
environment)

• Substantial Pollution – divert 2 litres/m2

– (Leaves and debris, bird droppings, various animal
matter, dead insects and skinks etc.)

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 Example : Calc of RWH Collection -
Selangor
DP-A HP 15m
DP-B

8m

HP
12m

HP 9m HP
DP-D
LEGEND 4m
Vertical Downpipe =
DP-C
High Point = HP
Downpipe = DP 6m

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 Using Tangki NAHRIM Software
• This software was developed for the RWH projects.
• The main purpose of this software is for predicting the size of
the rainwater tank to be used for a RWH system.
• This software can generate the amount of rainwater captured,
total rainwater volume delivered, reliability of the system (=
delivered volume / demand volume), coefficient of rainwater
utilization, storage efficiency, percentage time of tank empty.
• Twenty years of rainfall data for different cities/towns
throughout Malaysia are available in this software.
• This software is meant to be a guide in estimating the size of the
rainwater tank with its respective reliability.
http://www.nahrim.gov.my/my/perisian-tangki-nahrim

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 Water Recycling
• Water treatment systems and re-
use technology options are
acceptable for treating grey
water and black water.
• The treated water is then
recycled for use in irrigation,
toilet flushing etc.
• Recycling of Wastewater:
 Grey Water
 Black Water

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 Table 3 – Volume of Wastewater Generated Per Person
in Malaysia (Usage Pattern in Selangor – SWAn)

Wastewater Source Volume Used

(Residential) litre/person/day litre/person/year
Greywater (Untreated)
Shower 65 23,725
Basin 40 14,600
Cooking & Drinking 10 3,650
Washing Machine 45 16,425
Leaks 5 1,825
Total Greywater 165 60,225
Blackwater (Treated)
Toilet (WC) 65 23,725

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 Water Efficient Irrigation
• Design a water-efficient landscape by selecting native or
adaptive plants that require minimal water.
• Reduce or eliminate use of potable water for landscape
irrigation system.

POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES & STRATEGIES

• Perform soil / climate analysis to determine appropriate
plant material and design the landscape with native or
adaptive plants to reduce or eliminate irrigation
requirements. Where irrigation is required, use high
efficiency equipment and/or climate based controllers.

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 Water Efficient – Irrigation/Landscaping

• Encourage the design of systems that do not require

the use of potable water supply from local water
authority.
• Reduce potable water consumption for landscaping
irrigation by ≥ 50% (e.g. through use of native or
adaptive plants to reduce or eliminate irrigation
requirement), OR
• Not use potable water at all for landscape irrigation.

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 WATER EFFICIENT PLANTS

Where applicable, use

drought resistant plants or
plants that fit naturally
into the existing climatic
conditions including
rainfall and temperature
pattern and require little
irrigation.
Draught resistant plants

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 WATER EFFICIENT PLANTS
The amount of turf area
should be limited as most turf
grasses need a lot of water and
require continual upkeep.
Group plants by their water
needs such as plants that need
high, moderate or little to no
irrigation rather than by
appearance or functions.

Limit turf area

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 Water Efficient Irrigation System
Drip irrigation uses 30% to 50% less
water than sprinkler irrigation
Drip irrigation system
28/02/2019
This project uses drip irrigation that
was activated based on time
schedule regardless of the weather.
By simply incorporating rain sensor to
shut the irrigation system off during
raining days, savings of 35% of water
a year were achieved.
Turn off irrigation
system
Rain
Sensor
Rain sensor to shut the irrigation system
BFC 3153 79
 Water Efficient Fittings
• The use of water efficient water closets, wash
hand basins or shower heads or systems which
has the potential to reduce potable water
consumption in the building.
• Specify the use of automatic self-closing faucets,
electronic or otherwise, to eliminate wastage
through faucets left running unnecessarily.
• Specify the use of modified waterless urinals.

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 Water Efficient Labelled Fittings
VERY GOOD EXCELLENT
FITTINGS GOOD RATING
RATING RATING
Shower Taps, Mixers &
>7 to 9 >5 to 7 5 or less
Showerheads (L/min)
Basin Taps & Mixers
>4 to 6 >2 to 4 2 or less
(L/min)
Sink/Bib Taps (L/min) >6 to 8 >4 to 6 4 or less

Flushing Cisterns – Dual >4.0 - 4.5 (full flush) >3.5 to 4.0 (full flush) 3.5 or less (1) (full flush)
Flush Type (L/flush) > 2.5 -3.0 (low flush) > 2.5 – 3.0 (low flush) 2.5 or less (low flush)

Urinals & Urinal Flush 0.5 or less (2)

Valve > 1.0 to 1.5 > 0.5 to 1.0 Or
(L/flush) waterless urinals

(1) To pass laboratory simulation test on waste transportation efficiency in pipe. Source: PUB
(2) To pass dilution test.

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 WATER EFFICIENT FLUSHING SYSTEM
Dual flush low capacity flushing cisterns should be used. Each flushing should
use 4.5 litres or less of water for a full flush and less than 3 litres for a half
flush.
Urinal flush valves that use not more than 0.5 litres of water per flush should be
used. This is the recommended flush volume for standard size urinal of 300mm
width.

Urinal Flush valve – 0.5 litres

Dual Flush LCFCs flush volume
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 WATER EFFICIENT FIXTURES
• A study (PUB) found that a flow rate of 2 litres/min at the
wash basin taps in staff and public toilets is sufficient for
normal washing purpose. The lower flow rate will help to
reduce water consumption and save on the water bills.
• Sensor taps with a flow rate of 2 litres/min can also be
installed. These taps should also cut off water supply when
the hands are removed from under the tap, or when the
preset timing of 30 or 60 seconds is reached, whichever is
earlier.
• Self-closing taps also help to prevent running tap after use. A
combination of regulators and self-closing taps can achieve
significant savings.

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 Examples of Water Efficient Fixtures
Install self-closing delayed action
taps (timing of between 2 and 3
secs) at all wash basins. The flow
rate should be 2 litres/min.
Install self-closing delayed action
shower tap (timing not exceeding 15
secs) at all showers. The flow rate
should not exceed 7 litres/min
(except for hotels).

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 Flow rate can be reduced by simple method such as fixing thimbles or
constant flow regulators
Install constant flow regulators and adjust flow rate to less than 6
litres/min for all bib taps and sink/ kitchen taps.

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 WATER EFFICIENCY LABELS

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 Metering and Leak Detection System
• Specify the provisions of sub-meters for major water
consuming systems/equipment.
• Incorporate EMS monitoring system of sub-meters.

POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES & STRATEGIES

• To incorporate provisions of analogue or digital flow
water sub-meters.
• Incorporation of EMS monitoring will enable early
detection of water leakage and contain water
wastage.

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 COOLING TOWER WATER CONSUMPTION

Condensate water from AHUs

or FCUs could also be used for
cooling tower make-up water.
Using condensate water from
air side to top up cooling tower
water not only lowers its water
temperature to raise chiller
efficiency, it also helps to
Collecting condensate water from AHU
reduce the amount of make-up
water needed.

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 The End…
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